Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model

<i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Federica Tonon [verfasserIn] Stefano Di Bella [verfasserIn] Gabriele Grassi [verfasserIn] Roberto Luzzati [verfasserIn] Paolo Ascenzi [verfasserIn] Alessandra di Masi [verfasserIn] Cristina Zennaro [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Schlagwörter:	zebrafish toxins

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Cells - MDPI AG, 2012, 9(2020), 12, p 2575
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2020 ; number:12, p 2575

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/cells9122575

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ072465964

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allfields	10.3390/cells9122575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ072465964 (DE-599)DOAJ9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH573-671 Federica Tonon verfasserin aut Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients. zebrafish toxins <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection Cytology Stefano Di Bella verfasserin aut Gabriele Grassi verfasserin aut Roberto Luzzati verfasserin aut Paolo Ascenzi verfasserin aut Alessandra di Masi verfasserin aut Cristina Zennaro verfasserin aut In Cells MDPI AG, 2012 9(2020), 12, p 2575 (DE-627)718622081 (DE-600)2661518-6 20734409 nnns volume:9 year:2020 number:12, p 2575 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/12/2575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2020 12, p 2575
spelling	10.3390/cells9122575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ072465964 (DE-599)DOAJ9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH573-671 Federica Tonon verfasserin aut Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients. zebrafish toxins <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection Cytology Stefano Di Bella verfasserin aut Gabriele Grassi verfasserin aut Roberto Luzzati verfasserin aut Paolo Ascenzi verfasserin aut Alessandra di Masi verfasserin aut Cristina Zennaro verfasserin aut In Cells MDPI AG, 2012 9(2020), 12, p 2575 (DE-627)718622081 (DE-600)2661518-6 20734409 nnns volume:9 year:2020 number:12, p 2575 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/12/2575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2020 12, p 2575
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/cells9122575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ072465964 (DE-599)DOAJ9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH573-671 Federica Tonon verfasserin aut Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients. zebrafish toxins <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection Cytology Stefano Di Bella verfasserin aut Gabriele Grassi verfasserin aut Roberto Luzzati verfasserin aut Paolo Ascenzi verfasserin aut Alessandra di Masi verfasserin aut Cristina Zennaro verfasserin aut In Cells MDPI AG, 2012 9(2020), 12, p 2575 (DE-627)718622081 (DE-600)2661518-6 20734409 nnns volume:9 year:2020 number:12, p 2575 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/12/2575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2020 12, p 2575
allfieldsGer	10.3390/cells9122575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ072465964 (DE-599)DOAJ9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH573-671 Federica Tonon verfasserin aut Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients. zebrafish toxins <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection Cytology Stefano Di Bella verfasserin aut Gabriele Grassi verfasserin aut Roberto Luzzati verfasserin aut Paolo Ascenzi verfasserin aut Alessandra di Masi verfasserin aut Cristina Zennaro verfasserin aut In Cells MDPI AG, 2012 9(2020), 12, p 2575 (DE-627)718622081 (DE-600)2661518-6 20734409 nnns volume:9 year:2020 number:12, p 2575 https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9122575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/9/12/2575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2020 12, p 2575
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Federica Tonon @@aut@@ Stefano Di Bella @@aut@@ Gabriele Grassi @@aut@@ Roberto Luzzati @@aut@@ Paolo Ascenzi @@aut@@ Alessandra di Masi @@aut@@ Cristina Zennaro @@aut@@
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author	Federica Tonon
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topic_title	QH573-671 Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model zebrafish toxins <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection
topic	misc QH573-671 misc zebrafish misc toxins misc <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection misc Cytology
topic_unstemmed	misc QH573-671 misc zebrafish misc toxins misc <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection misc Cytology
topic_browse	misc QH573-671 misc zebrafish misc toxins misc <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< infection misc Cytology
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title	Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ072465964 (DE-599)DOAJ9585680e8a6e4a509bd0f66fa1285c0e
title_full	Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model
author_sort	Federica Tonon
journal	Cells
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author_browse	Federica Tonon Stefano Di Bella Gabriele Grassi Roberto Luzzati Paolo Ascenzi Alessandra di Masi Cristina Zennaro
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author-letter	Federica Tonon
doi_str_mv	10.3390/cells9122575
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title_sort	extra-intestinal effects of <i<c.</i< <i<difficile</i< toxin a and b: an in vivo study using the zebrafish embryo model
callnumber	QH573-671
title_auth	Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model
abstract	<i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients.
abstractGer	<i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients.
abstract_unstemmed	<i<C.</i<<i<difficile</i< infection (CDI) is not a merely “gut-confined” disease as toxemia could drive the development of CDI-related extra-intestinal effects. These effects could explain the high CDI-associated mortality, not just justified by diarrhea and dehydration. Here, the extra-intestinal effects of toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) produced by <i<C. difficile</i< have been studied in vivo using the zebrafish embryo model. Noteworthy, protective properties of human serum albumin (HSA) towards toxins-induced extra-intestinal effects were also addressed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with TcdA, TcdB and/or HSA at 24 h post-fertilization. Embryos were analyzed for 48 h after treatment to check vital signs and morphological changes. Markers related to cardio-vascular damage and inflammation were evaluated by Real-Time quantitative PCR and/or western blotting. Both toxins induced cardiovascular damage in zebrafish embryos by different mechanisms: (i) direct toxicity (i.e., pericardial edema, cardiac chambers enlargement, endothelial alteration); (ii) increased hormonal production and release (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)), (iii) alteration of the vascular system through the increase of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels, as well as of its receptors, (iv) pro-inflammatory response through high cytokines production (i.e., CXCL8, IL1B, IL6 and TNFα) and (v) cell-mediated damage due to the increase in neutrophils number. In addition to cardiovascular damage, we observe skin alteration and inflammation. Finally, our data indicate a protective effect of HSA toward the toxins induced extra-intestinal effects. Together, our findings can serve as a starting point for humans’ studies to substantiate and understand the extra-intestinal effects observed in CDI patients.
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title_short	Extra-Intestinal Effects of <i<C.</i< <i<difficile</i< Toxin A and B: An In Vivo Study Using the Zebrafish Embryo Model
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up_date	2024-07-04T01:11:00.953Z
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