Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds

Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for t...
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Autor*in:	Peter Mikula [verfasserIn] Mario Díaz [verfasserIn] Tomáš Albrecht [verfasserIn] Jukka Jokimäki [verfasserIn] Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki [verfasserIn] Gal Kroitero [verfasserIn] Anders Pape Møller [verfasserIn] Piotr Tryjanowski [verfasserIn] Reuven Yosef [verfasserIn] Martin Hromada [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Scientific Reports - Nature Portfolio, 2011, 8(2018), 1, Seite 9
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:8 ; year:2018 ; number:1 ; pages:9

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ075531798

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allfields	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 doi (DE-627)DOAJ075531798 (DE-599)DOAJdfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Peter Mikula verfasserin aut Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity. Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size Medicine R Science Q Mario Díaz verfasserin aut Tomáš Albrecht verfasserin aut Jukka Jokimäki verfasserin aut Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki verfasserin aut Gal Kroitero verfasserin aut Anders Pape Møller verfasserin aut Piotr Tryjanowski verfasserin aut Reuven Yosef verfasserin aut Martin Hromada verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 8(2018), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 1 9
spelling	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 doi (DE-627)DOAJ075531798 (DE-599)DOAJdfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Peter Mikula verfasserin aut Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity. Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size Medicine R Science Q Mario Díaz verfasserin aut Tomáš Albrecht verfasserin aut Jukka Jokimäki verfasserin aut Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki verfasserin aut Gal Kroitero verfasserin aut Anders Pape Møller verfasserin aut Piotr Tryjanowski verfasserin aut Reuven Yosef verfasserin aut Martin Hromada verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 8(2018), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 1 9
allfields_unstemmed	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 doi (DE-627)DOAJ075531798 (DE-599)DOAJdfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Peter Mikula verfasserin aut Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity. Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size Medicine R Science Q Mario Díaz verfasserin aut Tomáš Albrecht verfasserin aut Jukka Jokimäki verfasserin aut Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki verfasserin aut Gal Kroitero verfasserin aut Anders Pape Møller verfasserin aut Piotr Tryjanowski verfasserin aut Reuven Yosef verfasserin aut Martin Hromada verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 8(2018), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 1 9
allfieldsGer	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 doi (DE-627)DOAJ075531798 (DE-599)DOAJdfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Peter Mikula verfasserin aut Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity. Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size Medicine R Science Q Mario Díaz verfasserin aut Tomáš Albrecht verfasserin aut Jukka Jokimäki verfasserin aut Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki verfasserin aut Gal Kroitero verfasserin aut Anders Pape Møller verfasserin aut Piotr Tryjanowski verfasserin aut Reuven Yosef verfasserin aut Martin Hromada verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 8(2018), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 1 9
allfieldsSound	10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 doi (DE-627)DOAJ075531798 (DE-599)DOAJdfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Peter Mikula verfasserin aut Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity. Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size Medicine R Science Q Mario Díaz verfasserin aut Tomáš Albrecht verfasserin aut Jukka Jokimäki verfasserin aut Marja-Liisa Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki verfasserin aut Gal Kroitero verfasserin aut Anders Pape Møller verfasserin aut Piotr Tryjanowski verfasserin aut Reuven Yosef verfasserin aut Martin Hromada verfasserin aut In Scientific Reports Nature Portfolio, 2011 8(2018), 1, Seite 9 (DE-627)663366712 (DE-600)2615211-3 20452322 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:1 pages:9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 1 9
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author	Peter Mikula
spellingShingle	Peter Mikula misc Flight Initiation Distance (FID) misc Escape Strategies misc Stop-over Sites misc Premature Escape misc Flock Size misc Medicine misc R misc Science misc Q Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds
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topic_title	Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds Flight Initiation Distance (FID) Escape Strategies Stop-over Sites Premature Escape Flock Size
topic	misc Flight Initiation Distance (FID) misc Escape Strategies misc Stop-over Sites misc Premature Escape misc Flock Size misc Medicine misc R misc Science misc Q
topic_unstemmed	misc Flight Initiation Distance (FID) misc Escape Strategies misc Stop-over Sites misc Premature Escape misc Flock Size misc Medicine misc R misc Science misc Q
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title	Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds
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title_sort	adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds
title_auth	Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds
abstract	Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity.
abstractGer	Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Life-history theory predicts that current behaviour affects future reproduction, implying that animals should optimise their escape strategies to reflect fitness costs and benefits of premature escape. Both costs and benefits of escape may change temporally with important consequences for the evolution of escape strategies. Moreover, escape strategies of species may differ according to their positions on slow–fast pace of life gradients. We studied risk-taking in long-distance migratory animals, waders (Charadriiformes), during the annual cycle, i.e., breeding in Europe, stopover in the Middle East and wintering in tropical Africa. Phylogenetically informed comparative analyses revealed that risk-taking (measured as flight initiation distance, FID) changed significantly over the year, being lowest during breeding and peaking at stopover sites. Similarly, relationships between risk-taking and life-history traits changed among stages of the annual cycle. While risk-taking significantly decreased with increasing body mass during breeding, risk-taking–body mass relationship became marginally significant in winter and disappeared during migration. The positive trend of risk-taking along slow–fast pace of life gradient measured as adult survival was only found during breeding. The season-dependent relationships between risk-taking and life history traits suggest that migrating animals respond to fluctuating environments by adopting behavioural plasticity.
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title_short	Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds
url	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32252-1 https://doaj.org/article/dfe5934deb2646d0a8d39cd2676677d5 https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322
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Adjusting risk-taking to the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds

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