RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the c...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Alexander Maratovich Dubovikov [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch ; Russisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Sovremennye Issledovaniâ Socialʹnyh Problem - Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2017, 9(2017), 1, Seite 7-25 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:9 ; year:2017 ; number:1 ; pages:7-25 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ077848683 |
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| 520 | |a Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. | ||
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10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 doi (DE-627)DOAJ077848683 (DE-599)DOAJ692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng rus Alexander Maratovich Dubovikov verfasserin aut RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. В.А. Перовский М.И. Иванин М.А. Терентьев И.И. Железнов «Уральские войсковые ведомости» уральские казаки казахская степь лаучи Исатай Тайманов Каип Галиев Кенесары Касымов Social Sciences H In Sovremennye Issledovaniâ Socialʹnyh Problem Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2017 9(2017), 1, Seite 7-25 (DE-627)1754990177 22187405 nnns volume:9 year:2017 number:1 pages:7-25 https://doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 kostenfrei http://journal-s.org/index.php/mrsp/article/view/9793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1770 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2017 1 7-25 |
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10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 doi (DE-627)DOAJ077848683 (DE-599)DOAJ692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng rus Alexander Maratovich Dubovikov verfasserin aut RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. В.А. Перовский М.И. Иванин М.А. Терентьев И.И. Железнов «Уральские войсковые ведомости» уральские казаки казахская степь лаучи Исатай Тайманов Каип Галиев Кенесары Касымов Social Sciences H In Sovremennye Issledovaniâ Socialʹnyh Problem Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2017 9(2017), 1, Seite 7-25 (DE-627)1754990177 22187405 nnns volume:9 year:2017 number:1 pages:7-25 https://doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 kostenfrei http://journal-s.org/index.php/mrsp/article/view/9793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1770 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2017 1 7-25 |
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10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 doi (DE-627)DOAJ077848683 (DE-599)DOAJ692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng rus Alexander Maratovich Dubovikov verfasserin aut RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. В.А. Перовский М.И. Иванин М.А. Терентьев И.И. Железнов «Уральские войсковые ведомости» уральские казаки казахская степь лаучи Исатай Тайманов Каип Галиев Кенесары Касымов Social Sciences H In Sovremennye Issledovaniâ Socialʹnyh Problem Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2017 9(2017), 1, Seite 7-25 (DE-627)1754990177 22187405 nnns volume:9 year:2017 number:1 pages:7-25 https://doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2017-1-7-25 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/692ac07aabd04028a12ebe16d02c31b0 kostenfrei http://journal-s.org/index.php/mrsp/article/view/9793 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1770 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2017 1 7-25 |
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RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS В.А. Перовский М.И. Иванин М.А. Терентьев И.И. Железнов «Уральские войсковые ведомости» уральские казаки казахская степь лаучи Исатай Тайманов Каип Галиев Кенесары Касымов |
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russian sources of the xviii–xix centuries about the conflicts in the kazakh steppe and the involvement and participation of the ural cossacks |
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RUSSIAN SOURCES OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES ABOUT THE CONFLICTS IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE AND THE INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION OF THE URAL COSSACKS |
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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. |
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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. |
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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to show the complexity and ambiguity of relations between Kazakhs and Russian military (primarily Cossacks) during the advance of Russia in the Kazakh steppe and Central Asia, as well as a reflection of this problem in different sources. Methodology. In the course of the work, we have used diverse sources that shed light on this issue. Among them, documents of XVIII–XIX centuries, mainly from the State archive of Orenburg region (GAOO), as well as from the military historical archive (RGVIA). Used the documents collected by the Lieutenant of the General staff, A.D. Ryabinin, the importance of which is associated with the fact that the archive of the Ural Cossack troops lost during the civil war. Not less important are two major works of officers, military historians and theorists M.I. Ivanin and M.A. Terentyev directly involved in the campaigns through the Kazakh steppe and the annexation of Central Asia. To a lesser extent the materials used other “sources” of the XIX century the Ural Cossack officers I.I. Zheleznov, N.G. Makushin, and also serving at the Orenburg military Governor V. I. Dahl. An important source is and “Uralskiye voiskoviye vedomostie” – the only newspaper published in the Ural Cossack army in the last third of the XIX century. Results. All these sources allow us to draw some important conclusions. They clearly indicate that the South-Eastern outskirts of Russia was long subjected to raids “nomads”, and it has developed most of the border of the Cossack population sustained hostility to the nomadic neighbors. The hostility persisted for a long time, but during the nineteenth century it was gradually decreasing due to the socio-political and economic changes in parallel decreased and the number of conflicts. The Russian military sometimes showed excessive cruelty, and their commanders, carrying out orders from above, was not always true in the Kazakh population. But it was not the main trend. Tthe Kazakh society was not monolithic. Not all members of the nobility enjoyed respect and authority among the common people; many khans and sultans needed a personal guard from their own wards, which was carried out by Cossacks. The mores of various Kazakh tribes and clans often had significant differences, caused by different factors, including geographical. Most often, conflicts, unrest and rebellion occurred in Western Kazakhstan (the Kazakh Small Zhuz) and the rebellious and warlike, there was a kind of “Adai”. Difficult was the attitude of the Kazakhs not only with the Cossacks (or in General with the Russians), but also with other neighbors – Uzbeks, Turkmen and other, sometimes leading to bloody clashes. At the same time, sources reveal that took place and positive cooperation with the Kazakhs and their elites in different fields – political, military, economic, cultural. Practical implications. The information in this article can be used by historians, ethnographers, other scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, as well as all those interested in the history of Russian-Kazakh relations. |
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