Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.)

Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan [verfasserIn] Sevda Kacmaz [verfasserIn] Bekir Bülent Arpaci [verfasserIn] Boran İkiz [verfasserIn] Nazim S. Gruda [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mycorrhiza microalgae floating culture soilless culture

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Agronomy - MDPI AG, 2012, 13(2023), 2, p 575
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2023 ; number:2, p 575

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/agronomy13020575

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ081032617

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spelling	10.3390/agronomy13020575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081032617 (DE-599)DOAJc6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan verfasserin aut Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.) 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality. plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mycorrhiza microalgae floating culture soilless culture Agriculture S Sevda Kacmaz verfasserin aut Bekir Bülent Arpaci verfasserin aut Boran İkiz verfasserin aut Nazim S. Gruda verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 2, p 575 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:2, p 575 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 2, p 575
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/agronomy13020575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081032617 (DE-599)DOAJc6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan verfasserin aut Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.) 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality. plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mycorrhiza microalgae floating culture soilless culture Agriculture S Sevda Kacmaz verfasserin aut Bekir Bülent Arpaci verfasserin aut Boran İkiz verfasserin aut Nazim S. Gruda verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 2, p 575 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:2, p 575 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 2, p 575
allfieldsGer	10.3390/agronomy13020575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081032617 (DE-599)DOAJc6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan verfasserin aut Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.) 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality. plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mycorrhiza microalgae floating culture soilless culture Agriculture S Sevda Kacmaz verfasserin aut Bekir Bülent Arpaci verfasserin aut Boran İkiz verfasserin aut Nazim S. Gruda verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 2, p 575 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:2, p 575 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 2, p 575
allfieldsSound	10.3390/agronomy13020575 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081032617 (DE-599)DOAJc6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan verfasserin aut Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.) 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality. plant growth promoting rhizobacteria mycorrhiza microalgae floating culture soilless culture Agriculture S Sevda Kacmaz verfasserin aut Bekir Bülent Arpaci verfasserin aut Boran İkiz verfasserin aut Nazim S. Gruda verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 2, p 575 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:2, p 575 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/c6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/2/575 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 2, p 575
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title	Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.)
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ081032617 (DE-599)DOAJc6ac45e8145b4706aabdcf98a81e173f
title_full	Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.)
author_sort	Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan
journal	Agronomy
journalStr	Agronomy
lang_code	eng
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author_browse	Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan Sevda Kacmaz Bekir Bülent Arpaci Boran İkiz Nazim S. Gruda
container_volume	13
format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Hayriye Yildiz Dasgan
doi_str_mv	10.3390/agronomy13020575
author2-role	verfasserin
title_sort	biofertilizers improve the leaf quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach (<i<spinacia oleracea</i< l.)
title_auth	Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.)
abstract	Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality.
abstractGer	Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality.
abstract_unstemmed	Plant nutrition through mineral fertilizers is commonly used in soilless culture systems. Our study aims to replace intensive mineral fertilizers with bio-fertilizers, at least partially. We supplemented 50% of the mineral fertilizers with <i<Chlorella vulgaris</i< microalgae, a mix of beneficial bacteria and mycorrhiza. In addition, we investigated how to enhance spinach quality by implementing a sustainable and eco-friendly production method. Our research focused on analyzing the parameters of leaf quality and nitrate accumulation of baby spinach grown in a floating culture system utilizing biofertilizers. When mycorrhiza, algae, and bacteria supplemented 50% of mineral fertilizers, 17.5%, 20%, and 21.9% fewer leaf yields than 100% mineral fertilizers (5270 g m<sup<−2</sup<) were achieved. However, biofertilizers improved the internal leaves’ quality of hydroponically grown baby spinach. The highest amount of total phenolic (356.88 mg gallic acid 100g<sup<−1</sup<), vitamin C (73.83 mg 100 g<sup<−1</sup<), total soluble solids (9.4%), phosphorus (0.68%), and iron (120.07 ppm) content were obtained by using mycorrhiza. Bacteria induced the lowest nitrate content (206 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) in spinach leaves, while 100% mineral fertilizers showed the highest nitrate (623 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<) concentration. Moreover, bacteria provided the highest SPAD-chlorophyll (73.72) and titrable acidity (0.31%). The use of microalgae, <i<Chlorella vulgaris,</i< induced the highest amount of potassium (9.62%), calcium (1.64%), magnesium (0.58%), zinc (75.21 ppm), and manganese (64.33 mg kg<sup<−1</sup<). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the utilization of biofertilizers has the potential to significantly reduce the reliance on mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. Furthermore, an improvement in the quality of baby spinach, as evidenced by an increase in health-beneficial compounds, is possible. Thus, implementing biofertilizers in the cultivation of soilless baby spinach presents a promising approach to achieving both environmental sustainability and improved crop quality.
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container_issue	2, p 575
title_short	Biofertilizers Improve the Leaf Quality of Hydroponically Grown Baby Spinach (<i<Spinacia oleracea</i< L.)
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author2	Sevda Kacmaz Bekir Bülent Arpaci Boran İkiz Nazim S. Gruda
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