Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum

Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Shahid Karim [verfasserIn] Afifa Tabassum [verfasserIn] Syed Imran Mehmood [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	patient-centered care traditional curriculum integrated curriculum medical students attitude

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care - Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, 2021, 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:5 ; year:2023 ; number:1 ; pages:31-34

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ081132557

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spelling	10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081132557 (DE-599)DOAJ1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Shahid Karim verfasserin aut Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning patient-centered care traditional curriculum integrated curriculum medical students attitude Medicine (General) Afifa Tabassum verfasserin aut Syed Imran Mehmood verfasserin aut In Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, 2021 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34 (DE-627)177239209X 27089134 nnns volume:5 year:2023 number:1 pages:31-34 https://doi.org/10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e kostenfrei https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/pdf/72a6b0f8-5e00-4180-8ca5-8041d0d44667.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2707-3521 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2708-9134 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2023 1 31-34
allfields_unstemmed	10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081132557 (DE-599)DOAJ1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Shahid Karim verfasserin aut Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning patient-centered care traditional curriculum integrated curriculum medical students attitude Medicine (General) Afifa Tabassum verfasserin aut Syed Imran Mehmood verfasserin aut In Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, 2021 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34 (DE-627)177239209X 27089134 nnns volume:5 year:2023 number:1 pages:31-34 https://doi.org/10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e kostenfrei https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/pdf/72a6b0f8-5e00-4180-8ca5-8041d0d44667.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2707-3521 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2708-9134 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2023 1 31-34
allfieldsGer	10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081132557 (DE-599)DOAJ1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Shahid Karim verfasserin aut Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning patient-centered care traditional curriculum integrated curriculum medical students attitude Medicine (General) Afifa Tabassum verfasserin aut Syed Imran Mehmood verfasserin aut In Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, 2021 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34 (DE-627)177239209X 27089134 nnns volume:5 year:2023 number:1 pages:31-34 https://doi.org/10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e kostenfrei https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/pdf/72a6b0f8-5e00-4180-8ca5-8041d0d44667.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2707-3521 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2708-9134 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2023 1 31-34
allfieldsSound	10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 doi (DE-627)DOAJ081132557 (DE-599)DOAJ1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Shahid Karim verfasserin aut Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning patient-centered care traditional curriculum integrated curriculum medical students attitude Medicine (General) Afifa Tabassum verfasserin aut Syed Imran Mehmood verfasserin aut In Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, 2021 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34 (DE-627)177239209X 27089134 nnns volume:5 year:2023 number:1 pages:31-34 https://doi.org/10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e kostenfrei https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/pdf/72a6b0f8-5e00-4180-8ca5-8041d0d44667.pdf kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2707-3521 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2708-9134 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2023 1 31-34
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source	In Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care 5(2023), 1, Seite 31-34 volume:5 year:2023 number:1 pages:31-34
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title	Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum
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title_full	Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum
author_sort	Shahid Karim
journal	Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care
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author_browse	Shahid Karim Afifa Tabassum Syed Imran Mehmood
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title_sort	students’ attitude towards patient-centered care: a comparative study between traditional and integrated curriculum
callnumber	R5-920
title_auth	Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum
abstract	Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning
abstractGer	Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning
abstract_unstemmed	Background: The patient being the focus of all medical sciences therapy, patient-centered care is found to be more beneficial in improving the efficacy of care. It is now being emphasized that this competency of patient-centered care should be developed at the level of undergraduate. It is hoped that with time and experience medical students may develop this competency as a reflex in their clinical practice. Data about the attitude of medical students towards patient-centered care is variable. As well as comparative data as to which curriculum (i.e. traditional versus integrated) enhances this quality is also insufficient. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the “patient-centered care” attitude of medical students from an integrated versus traditional curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Liaquat national hospital and Medical College from June to December 2017. The sampling technique was non-probability convenience sampling. The calculated sample size was 110 participants in each group. Group A had medical students from the final year current batch and passed out batch (traditional curriculum) while Group B had medical students from current fourth and final year (Integrated curriculum). After consent, a validated questionnaire i.e. patient-physician orientation scale (PPOS) was given to students. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23. Descriptive analysis was done to compute central tendencies and standard deviation and the Students’ t-test, was applied. A P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 350 students participating in the study, male and female participants were 29.14% and 70.85% respectively. The mean age was 21.99 ±1.73. Traditional curricular medical students had significantly better total PPOS scores as compared with integrated curriculum students (3.45±0.51 versus 3.33±0.47, p=0.01). Females also had significantly better scores than males (3.42 versus 3.31, p=0.040). Conclusion: Results suggest that an integrated medical curriculum should be reviewed and strategies that promote patient-centered care should be incorporated into all phases of student learning
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title_short	Students’ Attitude towards Patient-Centered Care: A Comparative Study between Traditional and Integrated Curriculum
url	https://doi.org/10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.4.26 https://doaj.org/article/1f3a6b6076b74e1db11a22bdbf9b583e https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/pdf/72a6b0f8-5e00-4180-8ca5-8041d0d44667.pdf https://doaj.org/toc/2707-3521 https://doaj.org/toc/2708-9134
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