The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming

<i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Luca Puce [verfasserIn] Carlo Trompetto [verfasserIn] Antonio Currà [verfasserIn] Lucio Marinelli [verfasserIn] Laura Mori [verfasserIn] Marco Panascì [verfasserIn] Filippo Cotellessa [verfasserIn] Carlo Biz [verfasserIn] Nicola Luigi Bragazzi [verfasserIn] Pietro Ruggieri [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Medicina - MDPI AG, 2016, 58(2022), 12, p 1709
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:58 ; year:2022 ; number:12, p 1709

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/medicina58121709

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ083033882

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520			\|a <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue.
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allfields	10.3390/medicina58121709 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Luca Puce verfasserin aut The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue. surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General) Carlo Trompetto verfasserin aut Antonio Currà verfasserin aut Lucio Marinelli verfasserin aut Laura Mori verfasserin aut Marco Panascì verfasserin aut Filippo Cotellessa verfasserin aut Carlo Biz verfasserin aut Nicola Luigi Bragazzi verfasserin aut Pietro Ruggieri verfasserin aut In Medicina MDPI AG, 2016 58(2022), 12, p 1709 (DE-627)354543296 (DE-600)2088820-X 16489144 nnns volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/d5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/12/1709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 58 2022 12, p 1709
spelling	10.3390/medicina58121709 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Luca Puce verfasserin aut The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue. surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General) Carlo Trompetto verfasserin aut Antonio Currà verfasserin aut Lucio Marinelli verfasserin aut Laura Mori verfasserin aut Marco Panascì verfasserin aut Filippo Cotellessa verfasserin aut Carlo Biz verfasserin aut Nicola Luigi Bragazzi verfasserin aut Pietro Ruggieri verfasserin aut In Medicina MDPI AG, 2016 58(2022), 12, p 1709 (DE-627)354543296 (DE-600)2088820-X 16489144 nnns volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/d5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/12/1709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 58 2022 12, p 1709
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/medicina58121709 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Luca Puce verfasserin aut The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue. surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General) Carlo Trompetto verfasserin aut Antonio Currà verfasserin aut Lucio Marinelli verfasserin aut Laura Mori verfasserin aut Marco Panascì verfasserin aut Filippo Cotellessa verfasserin aut Carlo Biz verfasserin aut Nicola Luigi Bragazzi verfasserin aut Pietro Ruggieri verfasserin aut In Medicina MDPI AG, 2016 58(2022), 12, p 1709 (DE-627)354543296 (DE-600)2088820-X 16489144 nnns volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/d5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/12/1709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 58 2022 12, p 1709
allfieldsGer	10.3390/medicina58121709 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Luca Puce verfasserin aut The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue. surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General) Carlo Trompetto verfasserin aut Antonio Currà verfasserin aut Lucio Marinelli verfasserin aut Laura Mori verfasserin aut Marco Panascì verfasserin aut Filippo Cotellessa verfasserin aut Carlo Biz verfasserin aut Nicola Luigi Bragazzi verfasserin aut Pietro Ruggieri verfasserin aut In Medicina MDPI AG, 2016 58(2022), 12, p 1709 (DE-627)354543296 (DE-600)2088820-X 16489144 nnns volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/d5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/12/1709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 58 2022 12, p 1709
allfieldsSound	10.3390/medicina58121709 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng R5-920 Luca Puce verfasserin aut The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier <i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue. surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General) Carlo Trompetto verfasserin aut Antonio Currà verfasserin aut Lucio Marinelli verfasserin aut Laura Mori verfasserin aut Marco Panascì verfasserin aut Filippo Cotellessa verfasserin aut Carlo Biz verfasserin aut Nicola Luigi Bragazzi verfasserin aut Pietro Ruggieri verfasserin aut In Medicina MDPI AG, 2016 58(2022), 12, p 1709 (DE-627)354543296 (DE-600)2088820-X 16489144 nnns volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58121709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/d5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/12/1709 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 58 2022 12, p 1709
language	English
source	In Medicina 58(2022), 12, p 1709 volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709
sourceStr	In Medicina 58(2022), 12, p 1709 volume:58 year:2022 number:12, p 1709
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization Medicine (General)
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Medicina
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Luca Puce @@aut@@ Carlo Trompetto @@aut@@ Antonio Currà @@aut@@ Lucio Marinelli @@aut@@ Laura Mori @@aut@@ Marco Panascì @@aut@@ Filippo Cotellessa @@aut@@ Carlo Biz @@aut@@ Nicola Luigi Bragazzi @@aut@@ Pietro Ruggieri @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	354543296
id	DOAJ083033882
language_de	englisch
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author	Luca Puce
spellingShingle	Luca Puce misc R5-920 misc surface electromyography misc physiological responses misc verbal feedback misc motivation misc elite athletes misc performance optimization misc Medicine (General) The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming
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topic_title	R5-920 The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming surface electromyography physiological responses verbal feedback motivation elite athletes performance optimization
topic	misc R5-920 misc surface electromyography misc physiological responses misc verbal feedback misc motivation misc elite athletes misc performance optimization misc Medicine (General)
topic_unstemmed	misc R5-920 misc surface electromyography misc physiological responses misc verbal feedback misc motivation misc elite athletes misc performance optimization misc Medicine (General)
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title	The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ083033882 (DE-599)DOAJd5f5e01e4d964c309080522b0db07960
title_full	The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming
author_sort	Luca Puce
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author_browse	Luca Puce Carlo Trompetto Antonio Currà Lucio Marinelli Laura Mori Marco Panascì Filippo Cotellessa Carlo Biz Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Pietro Ruggieri
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title_sort	effect of verbal encouragement on performance and muscle fatigue in swimming
callnumber	R5-920
title_auth	The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming
abstract	<i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue.
abstractGer	<i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue.
abstract_unstemmed	<i<Background and Objectives:</i< Verbal encouragement (VE) can be used to enhance performance in several sports, even though no studies have been conducted among swimmers and only a few effects have been reported in elite athletes. Besides influencing motor performance, VE is also known to enhance the physical load, thus potentially increasing the probability of developing fatigue. With this in mind, this study aimed to explore the effects of VE in swimmers in order to fill in the knowledge gap concerning the aquatic environment. <i<Materials and Methods:</i< Each athlete swam a maximal 200 m freestyle trial under two different conditions: one trial with VE and the other without VE. The two main outcome measures were: (1) performance velocity (m/s); and (2) muscle fatigue, investigated by means of surface electromyography. Sixty swimmers were recruited, aged 18.63 ± 3.46 years (median 18 years), 28 men (47%), and 32 women (53%), with 7.03 ± 3.9 years of experience. <i<Results:</i< With VE, performance significantly improved in the swim trial (<i<p</i< < 0.001, effect size (ES) −0.95, large). When breaking the results down into the first half (first (0–100 m) vs. the second half (100–200 m)), the ES was large in the first part (−1.11), indicating an improvement in performance. This worsened, however, in the second part of the trial (ES 0.63). In the multivariate analysis, years of experience were found to be a significant predictor of the change in overall performance (<i<p</i< = 0.011). There was a significant increase in muscle fatigue induced by VE, overall, and during the second half, but not during the first half of the trial. <i<Conclusions:</i< The present study indicates that VE during a middle-distance event (200 m) increases performance most in swimmers with little experience. However, it has a negative impact on fatigue.
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container_issue	12, p 1709
title_short	The Effect of Verbal Encouragement on Performance and Muscle Fatigue in Swimming
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author2	Carlo Trompetto Antonio Currà Lucio Marinelli Laura Mori Marco Panascì Filippo Cotellessa Carlo Biz Nicola Luigi Bragazzi Pietro Ruggieri
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