Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception
ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and pr...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Jules Appolinaire Lienou [verfasserIn] Sergine Ngatat [verfasserIn] Samuel Nanga Nanga [verfasserIn] Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio [verfasserIn] Albert Abang Fomumbod [verfasserIn] Apollin Fotso Kuate [verfasserIn] Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe [verfasserIn] Cletus Fonbah [verfasserIn] Francis Ngome Ayebesone [verfasserIn] Emmanuel Njukwe [verfasserIn] Abdou Tenkouano [verfasserIn] Rachid Hanna [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2022 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Plant Production Science - Taylor & Francis Group, 2004, 25(2022), 4, Seite 484-500 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:25 ; year:2022 ; number:4 ; pages:484-500 |
| Links: |
Link aufrufen |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ083326103 |
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| 520 | |a ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. | ||
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10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083326103 (DE-599)DOAJ555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Jules Appolinaire Lienou verfasserin aut Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. Musa hybrids agronomy Mycosphaerella fijiensis Radopholus similis Cosmopolites sordidus Plant culture Sergine Ngatat verfasserin aut Samuel Nanga Nanga verfasserin aut Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio verfasserin aut Albert Abang Fomumbod verfasserin aut Apollin Fotso Kuate verfasserin aut Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe verfasserin aut Cletus Fonbah verfasserin aut Francis Ngome Ayebesone verfasserin aut Emmanuel Njukwe verfasserin aut Abdou Tenkouano verfasserin aut Rachid Hanna verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 25(2022), 4, Seite 484-500 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:4 pages:484-500 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e kostenfrei https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 25 2022 4 484-500 |
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10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083326103 (DE-599)DOAJ555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Jules Appolinaire Lienou verfasserin aut Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. Musa hybrids agronomy Mycosphaerella fijiensis Radopholus similis Cosmopolites sordidus Plant culture Sergine Ngatat verfasserin aut Samuel Nanga Nanga verfasserin aut Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio verfasserin aut Albert Abang Fomumbod verfasserin aut Apollin Fotso Kuate verfasserin aut Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe verfasserin aut Cletus Fonbah verfasserin aut Francis Ngome Ayebesone verfasserin aut Emmanuel Njukwe verfasserin aut Abdou Tenkouano verfasserin aut Rachid Hanna verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 25(2022), 4, Seite 484-500 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:4 pages:484-500 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e kostenfrei https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 25 2022 4 484-500 |
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10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083326103 (DE-599)DOAJ555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Jules Appolinaire Lienou verfasserin aut Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. Musa hybrids agronomy Mycosphaerella fijiensis Radopholus similis Cosmopolites sordidus Plant culture Sergine Ngatat verfasserin aut Samuel Nanga Nanga verfasserin aut Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio verfasserin aut Albert Abang Fomumbod verfasserin aut Apollin Fotso Kuate verfasserin aut Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe verfasserin aut Cletus Fonbah verfasserin aut Francis Ngome Ayebesone verfasserin aut Emmanuel Njukwe verfasserin aut Abdou Tenkouano verfasserin aut Rachid Hanna verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 25(2022), 4, Seite 484-500 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:4 pages:484-500 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e kostenfrei https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 25 2022 4 484-500 |
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10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083326103 (DE-599)DOAJ555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng SB1-1110 Jules Appolinaire Lienou verfasserin aut Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. Musa hybrids agronomy Mycosphaerella fijiensis Radopholus similis Cosmopolites sordidus Plant culture Sergine Ngatat verfasserin aut Samuel Nanga Nanga verfasserin aut Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio verfasserin aut Albert Abang Fomumbod verfasserin aut Apollin Fotso Kuate verfasserin aut Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe verfasserin aut Cletus Fonbah verfasserin aut Francis Ngome Ayebesone verfasserin aut Emmanuel Njukwe verfasserin aut Abdou Tenkouano verfasserin aut Rachid Hanna verfasserin aut In Plant Production Science Taylor & Francis Group, 2004 25(2022), 4, Seite 484-500 (DE-627)391333887 (DE-600)2152184-0 13491008 nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:4 pages:484-500 https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e kostenfrei https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 25 2022 4 484-500 |
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Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception |
| abstract |
ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. |
| abstractGer |
ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
ABSTRACTPlantain is one of the major staples contributing to food security and income generation in West and Central Africa. Local cultivars in Cameroon are susceptible to pests and diseases causing severe losses in plantain production. This study aimed at evaluating the agronomic performance and producer’s perception of plantain hybrids in the humid forest of Cameroon. Field trials were established in a completely randomized block design with eight genotypes and three replicates. Data on pest and disease as well as farmer perception were collected over two growing cycles. These genotypes included seven improved and one local genotype (check). Improved genotypes were highly tolerant to the Black Sigatoka disease compared to local plantain. While root necrosis index was above 50% in local varieties, indices below 25% were recorded in hybrids. Weevil severity in local was higher (55.0 ± 5.2%) compared to 21.0 ± 4.6% to 28.5 ± 3.2% in improved plantains. Average bunch weight was higher for FHIA 21 with 17.9 ± 0.7 kg in the first and 19.7 ± 0.3 kg for the second cycle, while those of the local Ebang were 9.6 ± 0.5 kg and 12.8 ± 0.9 kg, respectively. FHIA 21 and CRBP 568 were the preferred varieties by farmers (68.8% and 56.3% acceptance) from an agronomic perspective. The consumers’ preferences for all the genotypes varied with types of cooking. The implications of these findings for adoption by farmers and consumers as well as for the promotion of the plantain sector in central Africa are discussed. |
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Plantain hybrids for the humid forest agroecology of Central Africa – diseases and pests load, fruit yield and farmers perception |
| url |
https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 https://doaj.org/article/555d64ce6f2b436cbf6ca92063db596e https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/1343943X.2022.2136723 https://doaj.org/toc/1343-943X https://doaj.org/toc/1349-1008 |
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Sergine Ngatat Samuel Nanga Nanga Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio Albert Abang Fomumbod Apollin Fotso Kuate Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe Cletus Fonbah Francis Ngome Ayebesone Emmanuel Njukwe Abdou Tenkouano Rachid Hanna |
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Sergine Ngatat Samuel Nanga Nanga Armand Rodrigue Pascal Doumtsop Fotio Albert Abang Fomumbod Apollin Fotso Kuate Komi K. Mokpokpo Fiaboe Cletus Fonbah Francis Ngome Ayebesone Emmanuel Njukwe Abdou Tenkouano Rachid Hanna |
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