A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i<

A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent syste...
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Autor*in:	Soyeon Choi [verfasserIn] Hojun Lee [verfasserIn] Min-Soo Lee [verfasserIn] Joon Tae Park [verfasserIn] Philippe M. Heynderickx [verfasserIn] Di Wu [verfasserIn] Stephen Depuydt [verfasserIn] Jana Asselman [verfasserIn] Colin Janssen [verfasserIn] Donat P. Häder [verfasserIn] Taejun Han [verfasserIn] Jihae Park [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	bioassays end points heavy metals

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Biology - MDPI AG, 2012, 11(2022), 11, p 1618
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2022 ; number:11, p 1618

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/biology11111618

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ083484647

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allfields	10.3390/biology11111618 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Soyeon Choi verfasserin aut A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions. bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals Biology (General) Hojun Lee verfasserin aut Min-Soo Lee verfasserin aut Joon Tae Park verfasserin aut Philippe M. Heynderickx verfasserin aut Di Wu verfasserin aut Stephen Depuydt verfasserin aut Jana Asselman verfasserin aut Colin Janssen verfasserin aut Donat P. Häder verfasserin aut Taejun Han verfasserin aut Jihae Park verfasserin aut In Biology MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1618 (DE-627)718622073 (DE-600)2661517-4 20797737 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1618
spelling	10.3390/biology11111618 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Soyeon Choi verfasserin aut A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions. bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals Biology (General) Hojun Lee verfasserin aut Min-Soo Lee verfasserin aut Joon Tae Park verfasserin aut Philippe M. Heynderickx verfasserin aut Di Wu verfasserin aut Stephen Depuydt verfasserin aut Jana Asselman verfasserin aut Colin Janssen verfasserin aut Donat P. Häder verfasserin aut Taejun Han verfasserin aut Jihae Park verfasserin aut In Biology MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1618 (DE-627)718622073 (DE-600)2661517-4 20797737 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1618
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/biology11111618 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Soyeon Choi verfasserin aut A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions. bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals Biology (General) Hojun Lee verfasserin aut Min-Soo Lee verfasserin aut Joon Tae Park verfasserin aut Philippe M. Heynderickx verfasserin aut Di Wu verfasserin aut Stephen Depuydt verfasserin aut Jana Asselman verfasserin aut Colin Janssen verfasserin aut Donat P. Häder verfasserin aut Taejun Han verfasserin aut Jihae Park verfasserin aut In Biology MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1618 (DE-627)718622073 (DE-600)2661517-4 20797737 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1618
allfieldsGer	10.3390/biology11111618 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Soyeon Choi verfasserin aut A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions. bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals Biology (General) Hojun Lee verfasserin aut Min-Soo Lee verfasserin aut Joon Tae Park verfasserin aut Philippe M. Heynderickx verfasserin aut Di Wu verfasserin aut Stephen Depuydt verfasserin aut Jana Asselman verfasserin aut Colin Janssen verfasserin aut Donat P. Häder verfasserin aut Taejun Han verfasserin aut Jihae Park verfasserin aut In Biology MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1618 (DE-627)718622073 (DE-600)2661517-4 20797737 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1618
allfieldsSound	10.3390/biology11111618 doi (DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QH301-705.5 Soyeon Choi verfasserin aut A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions. bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals Biology (General) Hojun Lee verfasserin aut Min-Soo Lee verfasserin aut Joon Tae Park verfasserin aut Philippe M. Heynderickx verfasserin aut Di Wu verfasserin aut Stephen Depuydt verfasserin aut Jana Asselman verfasserin aut Colin Janssen verfasserin aut Donat P. Häder verfasserin aut Taejun Han verfasserin aut Jihae Park verfasserin aut In Biology MDPI AG, 2012 11(2022), 11, p 1618 (DE-627)718622073 (DE-600)2661517-4 20797737 nnns volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 11 2022 11, p 1618
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source	In Biology 11(2022), 11, p 1618 volume:11 year:2022 number:11, p 1618
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container_title	Biology
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topic_title	QH301-705.5 A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i< bioassays <i<Euglena agilis</i< end points heavy metals
topic	misc QH301-705.5 misc bioassays misc <i<Euglena agilis</i< misc end points misc heavy metals misc Biology (General)
topic_unstemmed	misc QH301-705.5 misc bioassays misc <i<Euglena agilis</i< misc end points misc heavy metals misc Biology (General)
topic_browse	misc QH301-705.5 misc bioassays misc <i<Euglena agilis</i< misc end points misc heavy metals misc Biology (General)
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title	A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i<
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ083484647 (DE-599)DOAJ9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda
title_full	A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i<
author_sort	Soyeon Choi
journal	Biology
journalStr	Biology
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author_browse	Soyeon Choi Hojun Lee Min-Soo Lee Joon Tae Park Philippe M. Heynderickx Di Wu Stephen Depuydt Jana Asselman Colin Janssen Donat P. Häder Taejun Han Jihae Park
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format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Soyeon Choi
doi_str_mv	10.3390/biology11111618
author2-role	verfasserin
title_sort	ten-minute bioassay to test metal toxicity with the freshwater flagellate <i<euglena agilis</i<
callnumber	QH301-705.5
title_auth	A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i<
abstract	A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions.
abstractGer	A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions.
abstract_unstemmed	A chemical analysis of water quality cannot detect some toxicants due to time constraints, high costs, and limited interactions for detection. Bioassays would offer a complementary means to assess pollution levels in water. <i<Euglena</i< is a flagellate green alga and an excellent system for toxicity testing thanks to its ease of culture, rapid growth, and quick response to environmental stresses. Herein, we examined the sensitivity of <i<E. agilis</i< to seven heavy metals by analyzing six end-point parameters: motility, velocity, cell compactness, upward swimming, <i<r</i<-value, and alignment. Notably, the velocity of <i<E. agilis</i< was most sensitive to cadmium (96.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), copper (6.51 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), manganese (103.28 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), lead (78.04 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), and zinc (101.90 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<), while <i<r</i<-values were most sensitive to arsenic (12.84 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<) and mercury (4.26 mg·L<sup<−1</sup<). In this study, velocity and <i<r</i<-values are presented as useful biomarkers for the assessment of metal toxicity in <i<Euglena</i<. The metals As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were suitable for this test. The advantages of the ecotoxicity test are its rapidity: It takes 10 min to obtain results, as opposed to the typical 3–4 d of exposure time with intensive labor. Moreover, this test can be performed at room temperature under dark conditions.
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container_issue	11, p 1618
title_short	A Ten-Minute Bioassay to Test Metal Toxicity with the Freshwater Flagellate <i<Euglena agilis</i<
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111618 https://doaj.org/article/9e9d27471e5941849f905a3ab4152eda https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/11/1618 https://doaj.org/toc/2079-7737
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author2	Hojun Lee Min-Soo Lee Joon Tae Park Philippe M. Heynderickx Di Wu Stephen Depuydt Jana Asselman Colin Janssen Donat P. Häder Taejun Han Jihae Park
author2Str	Hojun Lee Min-Soo Lee Joon Tae Park Philippe M. Heynderickx Di Wu Stephen Depuydt Jana Asselman Colin Janssen Donat P. Häder Taejun Han Jihae Park
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up_date	2024-07-03T17:43:43.879Z
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