Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators

Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at...
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Autor*in:	Miguel Castilla [verfasserIn] Jaume Miret [verfasserIn] Luis García de Vicuña [verfasserIn] Ramón Guzmán [verfasserIn] Manel Velasco [verfasserIn] Pau Martí [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: IET Power Electronics - Wiley, 2021, 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2021 ; number:14 ; pages:2337-2349

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1049/pel2.12184

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ084062266

Internformat


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allfields	10.1049/pel2.12184 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084062266 (DE-599)DOAJ6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK7800-8360 Miguel Castilla verfasserin aut Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid. Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics Jaume Miret verfasserin aut Luis García de Vicuña verfasserin aut Ramón Guzmán verfasserin aut Manel Velasco verfasserin aut Pau Martí verfasserin aut In IET Power Electronics Wiley, 2021 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 (DE-627)563167688 (DE-600)2421259-3 17554543 nnns volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349 https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2021 14 2337-2349
spelling	10.1049/pel2.12184 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084062266 (DE-599)DOAJ6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK7800-8360 Miguel Castilla verfasserin aut Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid. Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics Jaume Miret verfasserin aut Luis García de Vicuña verfasserin aut Ramón Guzmán verfasserin aut Manel Velasco verfasserin aut Pau Martí verfasserin aut In IET Power Electronics Wiley, 2021 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 (DE-627)563167688 (DE-600)2421259-3 17554543 nnns volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349 https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2021 14 2337-2349
allfields_unstemmed	10.1049/pel2.12184 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084062266 (DE-599)DOAJ6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK7800-8360 Miguel Castilla verfasserin aut Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid. Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics Jaume Miret verfasserin aut Luis García de Vicuña verfasserin aut Ramón Guzmán verfasserin aut Manel Velasco verfasserin aut Pau Martí verfasserin aut In IET Power Electronics Wiley, 2021 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 (DE-627)563167688 (DE-600)2421259-3 17554543 nnns volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349 https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2021 14 2337-2349
allfieldsGer	10.1049/pel2.12184 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084062266 (DE-599)DOAJ6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK7800-8360 Miguel Castilla verfasserin aut Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid. Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics Jaume Miret verfasserin aut Luis García de Vicuña verfasserin aut Ramón Guzmán verfasserin aut Manel Velasco verfasserin aut Pau Martí verfasserin aut In IET Power Electronics Wiley, 2021 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 (DE-627)563167688 (DE-600)2421259-3 17554543 nnns volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349 https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2021 14 2337-2349
allfieldsSound	10.1049/pel2.12184 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084062266 (DE-599)DOAJ6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TK7800-8360 Miguel Castilla verfasserin aut Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid. Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics Jaume Miret verfasserin aut Luis García de Vicuña verfasserin aut Ramón Guzmán verfasserin aut Manel Velasco verfasserin aut Pau Martí verfasserin aut In IET Power Electronics Wiley, 2021 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 (DE-627)563167688 (DE-600)2421259-3 17554543 nnns volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349 https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2021 14 2337-2349
language	English
source	In IET Power Electronics 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349
sourceStr	In IET Power Electronics 14(2021), 14, Seite 2337-2349 volume:14 year:2021 number:14 pages:2337-2349
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems Electronics
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	IET Power Electronics
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Miguel Castilla @@aut@@ Jaume Miret @@aut@@ Luis García de Vicuña @@aut@@ Ramón Guzmán @@aut@@ Manel Velasco @@aut@@ Pau Martí @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	563167688
id	DOAJ084062266
language_de	englisch
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In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. 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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Miguel Castilla
spellingShingle	Miguel Castilla misc TK7800-8360 misc Synchronous machines misc Control of electric power systems misc Distributed power generation misc Multivariable control systems misc Electronics Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
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topic_title	TK7800-8360 Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators Synchronous machines Control of electric power systems Distributed power generation Multivariable control systems
topic	misc TK7800-8360 misc Synchronous machines misc Control of electric power systems misc Distributed power generation misc Multivariable control systems misc Electronics
topic_unstemmed	misc TK7800-8360 misc Synchronous machines misc Control of electric power systems misc Distributed power generation misc Multivariable control systems misc Electronics
topic_browse	misc TK7800-8360 misc Synchronous machines misc Control of electric power systems misc Distributed power generation misc Multivariable control systems misc Electronics
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title	Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
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title_full	Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
author_sort	Miguel Castilla
journal	IET Power Electronics
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author_browse	Miguel Castilla Jaume Miret Luis García de Vicuña Ramón Guzmán Manel Velasco Pau Martí
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author-letter	Miguel Castilla
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title_sort	effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
callnumber	TK7800-8360
title_auth	Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
abstract	Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid.
abstractGer	Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract An inverter‐based microgrid is a small‐scale power network governed by a distributed control system. In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. In this study, the theoretical results are validated by experimental tests in a laboratory microgrid.
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title_short	Effects of clock deviations on the performance of microgrids based on virtual synchronous generators
url	https://doi.org/10.1049/pel2.12184 https://doaj.org/article/6f3f5e30f0084c8091995e18fdb7ce3c https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4535 https://doaj.org/toc/1755-4543
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author2	Jaume Miret Luis García de Vicuña Ramón Guzmán Manel Velasco Pau Martí
author2Str	Jaume Miret Luis García de Vicuña Ramón Guzmán Manel Velasco Pau Martí
ppnlink	563167688
callnumber-subject	TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering
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doi_str	10.1049/pel2.12184
callnumber-a	TK7800-8360
up_date	2024-07-03T20:56:35.556Z
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In this system, the nodes are the digital controllers of the power inverters, normally located at separate points within the microgrid. A relevant issue is that these controllers operate at different frequencies due to inherent clock deviations in the local hardware oscillators. This paper evaluates the effects of these clock deviations on the performance of microgrids equipped with inverters that emulate the operation of synchronous machines. A systematic procedure is presented to derive steady‐state expressions of the inverter active power and microgrid frequency as a function of clock drift rates. This procedure is applied to swing and governor equations of the virtual synchronous generators, revealing the mechanism that allows clock drifts to be absorbed, making their presence negligible. In addition, it allows recognising the controllers that should never be implemented in a distributed control system, since they cause an unsatisfactory behaviour that can even lead to a blackout in the microgrid. Therefore, the relevance of this study is the identification of the control schemes that are most sensitive to clock drifts, which makes it easier to choose the most suitable control implementation for a particular application. Furthermore, technical guidelines are reported to help researchers on developing control solutions more robust to clock drifts. 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