Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance

Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are d...
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Autor*in:	Keneth Iceland Kasozi [verfasserIn] Ewan Thomas MacLeod [verfasserIn] Charles Waiswa [verfasserIn] Michael Mahero [verfasserIn] Ibrahim Ntulume [verfasserIn] Susan Christina Welburn [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease - MDPI AG, 2017, 7(2022), 9, p 205
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:7 ; year:2022 ; number:9, p 205

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ084785373

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520			\|a Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.
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allfields	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084785373 (DE-599)DOAJ4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Keneth Iceland Kasozi verfasserin aut Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling. trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health Medicine R Ewan Thomas MacLeod verfasserin aut Charles Waiswa verfasserin aut Michael Mahero verfasserin aut Ibrahim Ntulume verfasserin aut Susan Christina Welburn verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 7(2022), 9, p 205 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:7 year:2022 number:9, p 205 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2022 9, p 205
spelling	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084785373 (DE-599)DOAJ4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Keneth Iceland Kasozi verfasserin aut Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling. trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health Medicine R Ewan Thomas MacLeod verfasserin aut Charles Waiswa verfasserin aut Michael Mahero verfasserin aut Ibrahim Ntulume verfasserin aut Susan Christina Welburn verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 7(2022), 9, p 205 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:7 year:2022 number:9, p 205 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2022 9, p 205
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084785373 (DE-599)DOAJ4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Keneth Iceland Kasozi verfasserin aut Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling. trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health Medicine R Ewan Thomas MacLeod verfasserin aut Charles Waiswa verfasserin aut Michael Mahero verfasserin aut Ibrahim Ntulume verfasserin aut Susan Christina Welburn verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 7(2022), 9, p 205 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:7 year:2022 number:9, p 205 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2022 9, p 205
allfieldsGer	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084785373 (DE-599)DOAJ4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Keneth Iceland Kasozi verfasserin aut Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling. trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health Medicine R Ewan Thomas MacLeod verfasserin aut Charles Waiswa verfasserin aut Michael Mahero verfasserin aut Ibrahim Ntulume verfasserin aut Susan Christina Welburn verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 7(2022), 9, p 205 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:7 year:2022 number:9, p 205 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2022 9, p 205
allfieldsSound	10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084785373 (DE-599)DOAJ4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Keneth Iceland Kasozi verfasserin aut Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling. trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health Medicine R Ewan Thomas MacLeod verfasserin aut Charles Waiswa verfasserin aut Michael Mahero verfasserin aut Ibrahim Ntulume verfasserin aut Susan Christina Welburn verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 7(2022), 9, p 205 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:7 year:2022 number:9, p 205 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4812e6bd38bd41bd89529310fb143403 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/205 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 7 2022 9, p 205
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author	Keneth Iceland Kasozi
spellingShingle	Keneth Iceland Kasozi misc trypanocide resistance misc trypanosomiasis misc human African trypanosomiasis misc animal African trypanosomiasis misc one health misc global health misc Medicine misc R Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
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topic_title	Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance trypanocide resistance trypanosomiasis human African trypanosomiasis animal African trypanosomiasis one health global health
topic	misc trypanocide resistance misc trypanosomiasis misc human African trypanosomiasis misc animal African trypanosomiasis misc one health misc global health misc Medicine misc R
topic_unstemmed	misc trypanocide resistance misc trypanosomiasis misc human African trypanosomiasis misc animal African trypanosomiasis misc one health misc global health misc Medicine misc R
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title	Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
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title_full	Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
author_sort	Keneth Iceland Kasozi
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author_browse	Keneth Iceland Kasozi Ewan Thomas MacLeod Charles Waiswa Michael Mahero Ibrahim Ntulume Susan Christina Welburn
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title_sort	systematic review and meta-analysis on knowledge attitude and practices on african animal trypanocide resistance
title_auth	Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
abstract	Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.
abstractGer	Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.
abstract_unstemmed	Background: African trypanocide resistance is an emerging public health emergency whose control requires a revisit on farmer’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices in developing countries. African animal trypanocide resistance (AATr) is rife in an environment where drug use and policy decisions are disjointed. The objective of the study was to identify community factors responsible for the development of AATr. This was important since diminazene aceturate (DA), isometamidium chloride (ISM), and homidium bromide (HB) have existed for over 30 years and no new drugs have been provided to farmers. Methods: An electronic keyword search across 12 databases was conducted using a search criterion from 1806 to June 2022. This generated a total of 24 publications, but after removing duplicates, review articles, and nonrelated articles, a total of eight papers were included in the analysis by following the PRISMA checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted on the data extracted and the risk ratio and inverse variance at 95% confidence interval were calculated using RevMan<sup<®</sup<. Results: All the eight articles in the study showed that DA was the most preferred trypanocide in both West and Eastern Africa. Poor farmer knowledge of AATr and limited drug options were major drivers for trypanocide resistance. In addition, farmer treatments, use of untrained personnel, poor administration, poor dosing, and preparation of trypanocides were major drivers for the development of AATr and similarities were identified in DA and ISM practices (P = 0.13). Conclusions: AATr is spread in developing countries due to a lack of community knowledge, attitudes, and drug-use practices. This situation could be reversed through interdisciplinary collaborations in endemic communities by promoting effective treatments and responsible drug handling.
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title_short	Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance
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author2	Ewan Thomas MacLeod Charles Waiswa Michael Mahero Ibrahim Ntulume Susan Christina Welburn
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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Knowledge Attitude and Practices on African Animal Trypanocide Resistance

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