Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation

Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phase...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Jolanta Prywer [verfasserIn] Marcin Kozanecki [verfasserIn] Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska [verfasserIn] Agnieszka Torzewska [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Crystals - MDPI AG, 2011, 8(2018), 4, p 164
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:8 ; year:2018 ; number:4, p 164

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/cryst8040164

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ084999969

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allfields	10.3390/cryst8040164 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084999969 (DE-599)DOAJfb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD901-999 Jolanta Prywer verfasserin aut Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP. carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography Marcin Kozanecki verfasserin aut Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska verfasserin aut Agnieszka Torzewska verfasserin aut In Crystals MDPI AG, 2011 8(2018), 4, p 164 (DE-627)718303067 (DE-600)2661516-2 20734352 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:4, p 164 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8040164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/4/164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4352 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 4, p 164
spelling	10.3390/cryst8040164 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084999969 (DE-599)DOAJfb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD901-999 Jolanta Prywer verfasserin aut Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP. carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography Marcin Kozanecki verfasserin aut Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska verfasserin aut Agnieszka Torzewska verfasserin aut In Crystals MDPI AG, 2011 8(2018), 4, p 164 (DE-627)718303067 (DE-600)2661516-2 20734352 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:4, p 164 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8040164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/4/164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4352 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 4, p 164
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/cryst8040164 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084999969 (DE-599)DOAJfb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD901-999 Jolanta Prywer verfasserin aut Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP. carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography Marcin Kozanecki verfasserin aut Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska verfasserin aut Agnieszka Torzewska verfasserin aut In Crystals MDPI AG, 2011 8(2018), 4, p 164 (DE-627)718303067 (DE-600)2661516-2 20734352 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:4, p 164 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8040164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/4/164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4352 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 4, p 164
allfieldsGer	10.3390/cryst8040164 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084999969 (DE-599)DOAJfb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD901-999 Jolanta Prywer verfasserin aut Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP. carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography Marcin Kozanecki verfasserin aut Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska verfasserin aut Agnieszka Torzewska verfasserin aut In Crystals MDPI AG, 2011 8(2018), 4, p 164 (DE-627)718303067 (DE-600)2661516-2 20734352 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:4, p 164 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8040164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/4/164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4352 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 4, p 164
allfieldsSound	10.3390/cryst8040164 doi (DE-627)DOAJ084999969 (DE-599)DOAJfb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QD901-999 Jolanta Prywer verfasserin aut Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation 2018 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP. carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography Marcin Kozanecki verfasserin aut Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska verfasserin aut Agnieszka Torzewska verfasserin aut In Crystals MDPI AG, 2011 8(2018), 4, p 164 (DE-627)718303067 (DE-600)2661516-2 20734352 nnns volume:8 year:2018 number:4, p 164 https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8040164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb1818a82cee47f5abf19657eecf3f56 kostenfrei http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/8/4/164 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4352 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2018 4, p 164
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topic_facet	carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones Crystallography
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Jolanta Prywer @@aut@@ Marcin Kozanecki @@aut@@ Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska @@aut@@ Agnieszka Torzewska @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Jolanta Prywer
spellingShingle	Jolanta Prywer misc QD901-999 misc carbonate apatite misc hydroxylapatite misc amorphous calcium carbonate misc amorphous calcium phosphate misc amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate misc amorphous precursors misc infectious urinary stones misc Crystallography Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation
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topic_title	QD901-999 Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation carbonate apatite hydroxylapatite amorphous calcium carbonate amorphous calcium phosphate amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate amorphous precursors infectious urinary stones
topic	misc QD901-999 misc carbonate apatite misc hydroxylapatite misc amorphous calcium carbonate misc amorphous calcium phosphate misc amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate misc amorphous precursors misc infectious urinary stones misc Crystallography
topic_unstemmed	misc QD901-999 misc carbonate apatite misc hydroxylapatite misc amorphous calcium carbonate misc amorphous calcium phosphate misc amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate misc amorphous precursors misc infectious urinary stones misc Crystallography
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title	Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation
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title_full	Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation
author_sort	Jolanta Prywer
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author_browse	Jolanta Prywer Marcin Kozanecki Ewa Mielniczek-Brzóska Agnieszka Torzewska
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title_sort	solid phases precipitating in artificial urine in the absence and presence of bacteria proteus mirabilis—a contribution to the understanding of infectious urinary stone formation
callnumber	QD901-999
title_auth	Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation
abstract	Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP.
abstractGer	Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP.
abstract_unstemmed	Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, called struvite, is the dominant component of infectious urinary stones. In addition to struvite, infectious urinary stones include solid phases with poor crystallinity as well as amorphous matter. This article is devoted to the analysis of these solid phases, because they have not been characterized well until now. The solid phases tested were obtained from artificial urine in the absence and presence of Proteus mirabilis. The solid phases were characterized by different techniques (X-ray Diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-ray, Scanning Electron Microscopy, as well as Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies). According to the results these phases are carbonate apatite (CA), hydroxylapatite (HAP), amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and/or amorphous carbonated calcium phosphate (ACCP). Carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite may occur in non-stoichiometric forms, i.e., various anions can be substituted for CO32−, OH−, and PO43− groups in them. The non-stoichiometry of carbonate apatite and hydroxylapatite also implies a deficiency of calcium ions, i.e., calcium ions may be partially replaced by other cations. Experimental techniques and chemical speciation analysis demonstrate that the presence of magnesium influences the formation of CA and HAP.
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title_short	Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation
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Solid Phases Precipitating in Artificial Urine in the Absence and Presence of Bacteria Proteus mirabilis—A Contribution to the Understanding of Infectious Urinary Stone Formation

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