Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins

Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre [verfasserIn] Charlotte Rimbault [verfasserIn] Timothy P. Jenkins [verfasserIn] Christoffer V. Sørensen [verfasserIn] Anna Damsbo [verfasserIn] Natalie J. Saez [verfasserIn] Yoan Duhoo [verfasserIn] Celeste Menuet Hackney [verfasserIn] Lars Ellgaard [verfasserIn] Andreas H. Laustsen [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	animal toxins venom neurotoxin heterologous expression recombinant toxins recombinant protein expression

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology - Frontiers Media S.A., 2014, 9(2022)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:9 ; year:2022

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ085991775

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allfields	10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 doi (DE-627)DOAJ085991775 (DE-599)DOAJf5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre verfasserin aut Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins. animal toxins venom neurotoxin heterologous expression recombinant toxins recombinant protein expression Biotechnology Charlotte Rimbault verfasserin aut Timothy P. Jenkins verfasserin aut Christoffer V. Sørensen verfasserin aut Anna Damsbo verfasserin aut Natalie J. Saez verfasserin aut Yoan Duhoo verfasserin aut Celeste Menuet Hackney verfasserin aut Lars Ellgaard verfasserin aut Andreas H. Laustsen verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 9(2022) (DE-627)74950403X (DE-600)2719493-0 22964185 nnns volume:9 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2022
spelling	10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 doi (DE-627)DOAJ085991775 (DE-599)DOAJf5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre verfasserin aut Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins. animal toxins venom neurotoxin heterologous expression recombinant toxins recombinant protein expression Biotechnology Charlotte Rimbault verfasserin aut Timothy P. Jenkins verfasserin aut Christoffer V. Sørensen verfasserin aut Anna Damsbo verfasserin aut Natalie J. Saez verfasserin aut Yoan Duhoo verfasserin aut Celeste Menuet Hackney verfasserin aut Lars Ellgaard verfasserin aut Andreas H. Laustsen verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 9(2022) (DE-627)74950403X (DE-600)2719493-0 22964185 nnns volume:9 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2022
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allfieldsGer	10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 doi (DE-627)DOAJ085991775 (DE-599)DOAJf5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre verfasserin aut Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins. animal toxins venom neurotoxin heterologous expression recombinant toxins recombinant protein expression Biotechnology Charlotte Rimbault verfasserin aut Timothy P. Jenkins verfasserin aut Christoffer V. Sørensen verfasserin aut Anna Damsbo verfasserin aut Natalie J. Saez verfasserin aut Yoan Duhoo verfasserin aut Celeste Menuet Hackney verfasserin aut Lars Ellgaard verfasserin aut Andreas H. Laustsen verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 9(2022) (DE-627)74950403X (DE-600)2719493-0 22964185 nnns volume:9 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2022
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 doi (DE-627)DOAJ085991775 (DE-599)DOAJf5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TP248.13-248.65 Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre verfasserin aut Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins. animal toxins venom neurotoxin heterologous expression recombinant toxins recombinant protein expression Biotechnology Charlotte Rimbault verfasserin aut Timothy P. Jenkins verfasserin aut Christoffer V. Sørensen verfasserin aut Anna Damsbo verfasserin aut Natalie J. Saez verfasserin aut Yoan Duhoo verfasserin aut Celeste Menuet Hackney verfasserin aut Lars Ellgaard verfasserin aut Andreas H. Laustsen verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology Frontiers Media S.A., 2014 9(2022) (DE-627)74950403X (DE-600)2719493-0 22964185 nnns volume:9 year:2022 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/f5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 9 2022
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre @@aut@@ Charlotte Rimbault @@aut@@ Timothy P. Jenkins @@aut@@ Christoffer V. Sørensen @@aut@@ Anna Damsbo @@aut@@ Natalie J. Saez @@aut@@ Yoan Duhoo @@aut@@ Celeste Menuet Hackney @@aut@@ Lars Ellgaard @@aut@@ Andreas H. Laustsen @@aut@@
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title	Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins
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title_full	Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins
author_sort	Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre
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author_browse	Esperanza Rivera-de-Torre Charlotte Rimbault Timothy P. Jenkins Christoffer V. Sørensen Anna Damsbo Natalie J. Saez Yoan Duhoo Celeste Menuet Hackney Lars Ellgaard Andreas H. Laustsen
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title_sort	strategies for heterologous expression, synthesis, and purification of animal venom toxins
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title_auth	Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins
abstract	Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins.
abstractGer	Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins.
abstract_unstemmed	Animal venoms are complex mixtures containing peptides and proteins known as toxins, which are responsible for the deleterious effect of envenomations. Across the animal Kingdom, toxin diversity is enormous, and the ability to understand the biochemical mechanisms governing toxicity is not only relevant for the development of better envenomation therapies, but also for exploiting toxin bioactivities for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. Most of toxinology research has relied on obtaining the toxins from crude venoms; however, some toxins are difficult to obtain because the venomous animal is endangered, does not thrive in captivity, produces only a small amount of venom, is difficult to milk, or only produces low amounts of the toxin of interest. Heterologous expression of toxins enables the production of sufficient amounts to unlock the biotechnological potential of these bioactive proteins. Moreover, heterologous expression ensures homogeneity, avoids cross-contamination with other venom components, and circumvents the use of crude venom. Heterologous expression is also not only restricted to natural toxins, but allows for the design of toxins with special properties or can take advantage of the increasing amount of transcriptomics and genomics data, enabling the expression of dormant toxin genes. The main challenge when producing toxins is obtaining properly folded proteins with a correct disulfide pattern that ensures the activity of the toxin of interest. This review presents the strategies that can be used to express toxins in bacteria, yeast, insect cells, or mammalian cells, as well as synthetic approaches that do not involve cells, such as cell-free biosynthesis and peptide synthesis. This is accompanied by an overview of the main advantages and drawbacks of these different systems for producing toxins, as well as a discussion of the biosafety considerations that need to be made when working with highly bioactive proteins.
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title_short	Strategies for Heterologous Expression, Synthesis, and Purification of Animal Venom Toxins
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905 https://doaj.org/article/f5c57d7e144b4392a0dd1b529e5a9d43 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.811905/full https://doaj.org/toc/2296-4185
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author2	Charlotte Rimbault Timothy P. Jenkins Christoffer V. Sørensen Anna Damsbo Natalie J. Saez Yoan Duhoo Celeste Menuet Hackney Lars Ellgaard Andreas H. Laustsen
author2Str	Charlotte Rimbault Timothy P. Jenkins Christoffer V. Sørensen Anna Damsbo Natalie J. Saez Yoan Duhoo Celeste Menuet Hackney Lars Ellgaard Andreas H. Laustsen
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up_date	2024-07-03T18:03:41.799Z
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