Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation

The need for more precise frequency measurements in electric power systems is increasing because of the growing penetration of renewable energy and the subsequent reduction in inertia, which gives rise to more intense frequency fluctuations. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are now more accurate and presen...
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Autor*in:	Orlando David Guerrero-Bermúdez [verfasserIn] Sergio Martinez [verfasserIn] Eder Molina [verfasserIn] John E. Candelo-Becerra [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	frequency wind generator synchronous machine phase-locked loop low-inertia power grid

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Electronics - MDPI AG, 2013, 11(2022), 19, p 3226
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:11 ; year:2022 ; number:19, p 3226

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/electronics11193226

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ086407228

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language	English
source	In Electronics 11(2022), 19, p 3226 volume:11 year:2022 number:19, p 3226
sourceStr	In Electronics 11(2022), 19, p 3226 volume:11 year:2022 number:19, p 3226
format_phy_str_mv	Article
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topic_facet	frequency wind generator synchronous machine phase-locked loop low-inertia power grid Electronics
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container_title	Electronics
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Orlando David Guerrero-Bermúdez @@aut@@ Sergio Martinez @@aut@@ Eder Molina @@aut@@ John E. Candelo-Becerra @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Orlando David Guerrero-Bermúdez
spellingShingle	Orlando David Guerrero-Bermúdez misc TK7800-8360 misc frequency misc wind generator misc synchronous machine misc phase-locked loop misc low-inertia power grid misc Electronics Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation
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topic_title	TK7800-8360 Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation frequency wind generator synchronous machine phase-locked loop low-inertia power grid
topic	misc TK7800-8360 misc frequency misc wind generator misc synchronous machine misc phase-locked loop misc low-inertia power grid misc Electronics
topic_unstemmed	misc TK7800-8360 misc frequency misc wind generator misc synchronous machine misc phase-locked loop misc low-inertia power grid misc Electronics
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title	Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation
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author_browse	Orlando David Guerrero-Bermúdez Sergio Martinez Eder Molina John E. Candelo-Becerra
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title_sort	comparison of phase-locked loops used for frequency measurements in a low-inertia power grid with wind generation
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title_auth	Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation
abstract	The need for more precise frequency measurements in electric power systems is increasing because of the growing penetration of renewable energy and the subsequent reduction in inertia, which gives rise to more intense frequency fluctuations. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are now more accurate and present faster dynamic responses, helping to implement primary frequency controllers for renewable generators connected to the grid through power electronics. However, there are differences among PLL implementations that affect their behavior when estimating frequency, depending on factors as location, voltage level, or penetration of renewable energy, among other things. How this affects the ability of PLL-based frequency controllers to adequately estimate the instantaneous mismatch between generation and demand, especially in low-inertia power systems, is still unclear, and constitutes an open research topic. This paper contributes to this research effort by presenting a comparative study of different PLL configurations in order to gain insight into their performance in different scenarios in a low-inertia power system with a high share of wind energy. Constant and variable wind speed scenarios are considered, and PLL behavior is assessed in terms of the absolute mean value and the root-mean-square value of the frequency error, and the absolute value of the frequency derivative error. The results show that the PLL behavior depends on the voltage level and the location, and it was found that the further away the PLL is from the source that controls the frequency, the more noise is produced, which impacts the quality of the frequency measurement.
abstractGer	The need for more precise frequency measurements in electric power systems is increasing because of the growing penetration of renewable energy and the subsequent reduction in inertia, which gives rise to more intense frequency fluctuations. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are now more accurate and present faster dynamic responses, helping to implement primary frequency controllers for renewable generators connected to the grid through power electronics. However, there are differences among PLL implementations that affect their behavior when estimating frequency, depending on factors as location, voltage level, or penetration of renewable energy, among other things. How this affects the ability of PLL-based frequency controllers to adequately estimate the instantaneous mismatch between generation and demand, especially in low-inertia power systems, is still unclear, and constitutes an open research topic. This paper contributes to this research effort by presenting a comparative study of different PLL configurations in order to gain insight into their performance in different scenarios in a low-inertia power system with a high share of wind energy. Constant and variable wind speed scenarios are considered, and PLL behavior is assessed in terms of the absolute mean value and the root-mean-square value of the frequency error, and the absolute value of the frequency derivative error. The results show that the PLL behavior depends on the voltage level and the location, and it was found that the further away the PLL is from the source that controls the frequency, the more noise is produced, which impacts the quality of the frequency measurement.
abstract_unstemmed	The need for more precise frequency measurements in electric power systems is increasing because of the growing penetration of renewable energy and the subsequent reduction in inertia, which gives rise to more intense frequency fluctuations. Phase-locked loops (PLLs) are now more accurate and present faster dynamic responses, helping to implement primary frequency controllers for renewable generators connected to the grid through power electronics. However, there are differences among PLL implementations that affect their behavior when estimating frequency, depending on factors as location, voltage level, or penetration of renewable energy, among other things. How this affects the ability of PLL-based frequency controllers to adequately estimate the instantaneous mismatch between generation and demand, especially in low-inertia power systems, is still unclear, and constitutes an open research topic. This paper contributes to this research effort by presenting a comparative study of different PLL configurations in order to gain insight into their performance in different scenarios in a low-inertia power system with a high share of wind energy. Constant and variable wind speed scenarios are considered, and PLL behavior is assessed in terms of the absolute mean value and the root-mean-square value of the frequency error, and the absolute value of the frequency derivative error. The results show that the PLL behavior depends on the voltage level and the location, and it was found that the further away the PLL is from the source that controls the frequency, the more noise is produced, which impacts the quality of the frequency measurement.
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title_short	Comparison of Phase-Locked Loops Used for Frequency Measurements in a Low-Inertia Power Grid with Wind Generation
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