Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array

Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physica...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Donald R. Noble [verfasserIn] Samuel Draycott [verfasserIn] Anup Nambiar [verfasserIn] Brian G. Sellar [verfasserIn] Jeffrey Steynor [verfasserIn] Aristides Kiprakis [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2020

Schlagwörter:	tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Energies - MDPI AG, 2008, 13(2020), 8, p 1977
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2020 ; number:8, p 1977

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/en13081977

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ086767305

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allfields	10.3390/en13081977 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086767305 (DE-599)DOAJff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Donald R. Noble verfasserin aut Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays. tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements Technology T Samuel Draycott verfasserin aut Anup Nambiar verfasserin aut Brian G. Sellar verfasserin aut Jeffrey Steynor verfasserin aut Aristides Kiprakis verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 13(2020), 8, p 1977 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:8, p 1977 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2020 8, p 1977
spelling	10.3390/en13081977 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086767305 (DE-599)DOAJff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Donald R. Noble verfasserin aut Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays. tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements Technology T Samuel Draycott verfasserin aut Anup Nambiar verfasserin aut Brian G. Sellar verfasserin aut Jeffrey Steynor verfasserin aut Aristides Kiprakis verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 13(2020), 8, p 1977 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:8, p 1977 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2020 8, p 1977
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/en13081977 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086767305 (DE-599)DOAJff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Donald R. Noble verfasserin aut Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays. tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements Technology T Samuel Draycott verfasserin aut Anup Nambiar verfasserin aut Brian G. Sellar verfasserin aut Jeffrey Steynor verfasserin aut Aristides Kiprakis verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 13(2020), 8, p 1977 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:8, p 1977 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2020 8, p 1977
allfieldsGer	10.3390/en13081977 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086767305 (DE-599)DOAJff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Donald R. Noble verfasserin aut Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays. tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements Technology T Samuel Draycott verfasserin aut Anup Nambiar verfasserin aut Brian G. Sellar verfasserin aut Jeffrey Steynor verfasserin aut Aristides Kiprakis verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 13(2020), 8, p 1977 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:8, p 1977 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2020 8, p 1977
allfieldsSound	10.3390/en13081977 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086767305 (DE-599)DOAJff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Donald R. Noble verfasserin aut Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays. tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements Technology T Samuel Draycott verfasserin aut Anup Nambiar verfasserin aut Brian G. Sellar verfasserin aut Jeffrey Steynor verfasserin aut Aristides Kiprakis verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 13(2020), 8, p 1977 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:8, p 1977 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ff4ff8de8e004325bf32df033b3396d1 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/8/1977 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2020 8, p 1977
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author	Donald R. Noble
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topic_title	Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array tank testing tidal stream turbine array effects turbine wake measurements
topic	misc tank testing misc tidal stream turbine misc array effects misc turbine wake measurements misc Technology misc T
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title	Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array
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title_sort	experimental assessment of flow, performance, and loads for tidal turbines in a closely-spaced array
title_auth	Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array
abstract	Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays.
abstractGer	Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays.
abstract_unstemmed	Tidal stream turbines are subject to complex flow conditions, particularly when installed in staggered array configurations where the downstream turbines are affected by the wake and/or bypass flow of upstream turbines. This work presents, for the first time, methods for and results from the physical testing of three 1/15 scale instrumented turbines configured in a closely-spaced staggered array, and demonstrates experimentally that increased power extraction can be achieved through reduced array separation. A comprehensive set of flow measurements was taken during several weeks testing in the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility, with different configurations of turbines installed in the tank in a current of <inline-formula< <math display="inline"< <semantics< <mrow< <mn<0.8</mn< </mrow< </semantics< </math< </inline-formula< m/s, to understand the effect that the front turbines have on flow through the array and on the inflow to the centrally placed rearmost turbine. Loads on the turbine structure, rotor, and blade roots were measured along with the rotational speed of the rotor to assess concurrently in real-time the effects of flow and array geometry on structural loading and performance. Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. The experimental methods developed and results arising from this work will also be useful for further scale-testing elsewhere, validating numerical models, and for understanding the performance and loading of full-scale tidal stream turbines in arrays.
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container_issue	8, p 1977
title_short	Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array
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Operating in this closely-spaced array was found to improve the power delivered by the rear turbine by 5.7–10.4% with a corresponding increase in the thrust loading on the rotor of 4.8–7.3% around the peak power operating point. 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Experimental Assessment of Flow, Performance, and Loads for Tidal Turbines in a Closely-Spaced Array

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