Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China

In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Yimin Huang [verfasserIn] Liuyi Zhang [verfasserIn] Chao Peng [verfasserIn] Yang Chen [verfasserIn] Tingzhen Li [verfasserIn] Fumo Yang [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	PM water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Atmosphere - MDPI AG, 2011, 13(2022), 10, p 1713
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2022 ; number:10, p 1713

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/atmos13101713

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ086812912

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520			\|a In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou.
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allfields	10.3390/atmos13101713 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC851-999 Yimin Huang verfasserin aut Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology Liuyi Zhang verfasserin aut Chao Peng verfasserin aut Yang Chen verfasserin aut Tingzhen Li verfasserin aut Fumo Yang verfasserin aut In Atmosphere MDPI AG, 2011 13(2022), 10, p 1713 (DE-627)657584010 (DE-600)2605928-9 20734433 nnns volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2022 10, p 1713
spelling	10.3390/atmos13101713 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC851-999 Yimin Huang verfasserin aut Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology Liuyi Zhang verfasserin aut Chao Peng verfasserin aut Yang Chen verfasserin aut Tingzhen Li verfasserin aut Fumo Yang verfasserin aut In Atmosphere MDPI AG, 2011 13(2022), 10, p 1713 (DE-627)657584010 (DE-600)2605928-9 20734433 nnns volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2022 10, p 1713
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/atmos13101713 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC851-999 Yimin Huang verfasserin aut Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology Liuyi Zhang verfasserin aut Chao Peng verfasserin aut Yang Chen verfasserin aut Tingzhen Li verfasserin aut Fumo Yang verfasserin aut In Atmosphere MDPI AG, 2011 13(2022), 10, p 1713 (DE-627)657584010 (DE-600)2605928-9 20734433 nnns volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2022 10, p 1713
allfieldsGer	10.3390/atmos13101713 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC851-999 Yimin Huang verfasserin aut Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology Liuyi Zhang verfasserin aut Chao Peng verfasserin aut Yang Chen verfasserin aut Tingzhen Li verfasserin aut Fumo Yang verfasserin aut In Atmosphere MDPI AG, 2011 13(2022), 10, p 1713 (DE-627)657584010 (DE-600)2605928-9 20734433 nnns volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2022 10, p 1713
allfieldsSound	10.3390/atmos13101713 doi (DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QC851-999 Yimin Huang verfasserin aut Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou. PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology Liuyi Zhang verfasserin aut Chao Peng verfasserin aut Yang Chen verfasserin aut Tingzhen Li verfasserin aut Fumo Yang verfasserin aut In Atmosphere MDPI AG, 2011 13(2022), 10, p 1713 (DE-627)657584010 (DE-600)2605928-9 20734433 nnns volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2022 10, p 1713
language	English
source	In Atmosphere 13(2022), 10, p 1713 volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713
sourceStr	In Atmosphere 13(2022), 10, p 1713 volume:13 year:2022 number:10, p 1713
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment Meteorology. Climatology
isfreeaccess_bool	true
container_title	Atmosphere
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Yimin Huang @@aut@@ Liuyi Zhang @@aut@@ Chao Peng @@aut@@ Yang Chen @@aut@@ Tingzhen Li @@aut@@ Fumo Yang @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	657584010
id	DOAJ086812912
language_de	englisch
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The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. 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callnumber-first	Q - Science
author	Yimin Huang
spellingShingle	Yimin Huang misc QC851-999 misc PM<sub<2.5</sub< misc water-soluble inorganic ions misc source apportionment misc Meteorology. Climatology Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China
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topic_title	QC851-999 Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China PM<sub<2.5</sub< water-soluble inorganic ions source apportionment
topic	misc QC851-999 misc PM<sub<2.5</sub< misc water-soluble inorganic ions misc source apportionment misc Meteorology. Climatology
topic_unstemmed	misc QC851-999 misc PM<sub<2.5</sub< misc water-soluble inorganic ions misc source apportionment misc Meteorology. Climatology
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title	Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ086812912 (DE-599)DOAJ5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64
title_full	Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China
author_sort	Yimin Huang
journal	Atmosphere
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author_browse	Yimin Huang Liuyi Zhang Chao Peng Yang Chen Tingzhen Li Fumo Yang
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title_sort	pollution characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in pm<sub<2.5</sub< from a mountainous city in southwest china
callnumber	QC851-999
title_auth	Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China
abstract	In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou.
abstractGer	In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou.
abstract_unstemmed	In order to explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in the atmosphere of Wanzhou, a small mountainous city in Chongqing, four representative seasonal PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples and gaseous precursors (SO<sub<2</sub< and NO<sub<2</sub<) were collected from April 2016 to January 2017. The WSIIs (including Cl<sup<−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, Na<sup<+</sup<, NH<sub<4</sub< <sup<+</sup<, K<sup<+</sup<, Mg<sup<2+</sup<, and Ca<sup<2+</sup<) were analyzed by ion chromatography. During the sampling period, daily PM<sub<2.5</sub< concentration varied from 3.47 to 156.30 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, with an average value of 33.38 μg·m<sup<−3</sup<, which was lower than the second-level annual limit of NAAQS-China. WSIIs accounted for 55.6% of PM<sub<2.5</sub<, and 83.1% of them were secondary inorganic ions (SNA, including SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<). The seasonal variations of PM<sub<2.5</sub< and WSIIs were similar, with the minimum in summer and the maximum in winter. PM<sub<2.5</sub< samples were the most alkaline in summer, weakly alkaline in spring and winter, and close to neutral in fall. The annual average ratio of NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup</SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup< was 0.54, indicating predominant stationary sources for SNA in Wanzhou. NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<, SO<sub<4</sub<<sup<2−</sup<, and NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< mainly existed in the form of (NH<sub<4</sub<)<sub<2</sub<SO<sub<4</sub< and NH<sub<4</sub<NO<sub<3</sub<. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the major sources of WSIIs in Wanzhou were the mixture of secondary inorganic aerosols, coal combustion, automobile exhaust (49.53%), dust (23.16%), and agriculture activities (9.68%). The results of the backward trajectory analysis showed that aerosol pollution in Wanzhou was mainly caused by local emissions. The enhanced formation of SNA through homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions contributed to the winter PM<sub<2.5</sub< pollution event in Wanzhou.
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container_issue	10, p 1713
title_short	Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101713 https://doaj.org/article/5365e7cb2c7c412098b143198f44ac64 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/10/1713 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433
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Pollution Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM<sub<2.5</sub< from a Mountainous City in Southwest China

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