Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira [verfasserIn] Zita E. Martins [verfasserIn] Miguel Ângelo Faria [verfasserIn] Joana Beatriz Sousa [verfasserIn] Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira [verfasserIn] Carmen Diniz [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Medical Sciences Forum - MDPI AG, 2023, 14(2022), 1, p 50
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2022 ; number:1, p 50

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ087279258

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520			\|a Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension.
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allfields	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 doi (DE-627)DOAJ087279258 (DE-599)DOAJa32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira verfasserin aut Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension. hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor Medicine R Zita E. Martins verfasserin aut Miguel Ângelo Faria verfasserin aut Joana Beatriz Sousa verfasserin aut Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira verfasserin aut Carmen Diniz verfasserin aut In Medical Sciences Forum MDPI AG, 2023 14(2022), 1, p 50 (DE-627)1817848402 26739992 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:1, p 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9992/14/1/50 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2673-9992 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 1, p 50
spelling	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 doi (DE-627)DOAJ087279258 (DE-599)DOAJa32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira verfasserin aut Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension. hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor Medicine R Zita E. Martins verfasserin aut Miguel Ângelo Faria verfasserin aut Joana Beatriz Sousa verfasserin aut Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira verfasserin aut Carmen Diniz verfasserin aut In Medical Sciences Forum MDPI AG, 2023 14(2022), 1, p 50 (DE-627)1817848402 26739992 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:1, p 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9992/14/1/50 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2673-9992 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 1, p 50
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 doi (DE-627)DOAJ087279258 (DE-599)DOAJa32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira verfasserin aut Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension. hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor Medicine R Zita E. Martins verfasserin aut Miguel Ângelo Faria verfasserin aut Joana Beatriz Sousa verfasserin aut Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira verfasserin aut Carmen Diniz verfasserin aut In Medical Sciences Forum MDPI AG, 2023 14(2022), 1, p 50 (DE-627)1817848402 26739992 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:1, p 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9992/14/1/50 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2673-9992 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 1, p 50
allfieldsGer	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 doi (DE-627)DOAJ087279258 (DE-599)DOAJa32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira verfasserin aut Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension. hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor Medicine R Zita E. Martins verfasserin aut Miguel Ângelo Faria verfasserin aut Joana Beatriz Sousa verfasserin aut Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira verfasserin aut Carmen Diniz verfasserin aut In Medical Sciences Forum MDPI AG, 2023 14(2022), 1, p 50 (DE-627)1817848402 26739992 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:1, p 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9992/14/1/50 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2673-9992 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 1, p 50
allfieldsSound	10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 doi (DE-627)DOAJ087279258 (DE-599)DOAJa32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira verfasserin aut Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension. hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor Medicine R Zita E. Martins verfasserin aut Miguel Ângelo Faria verfasserin aut Joana Beatriz Sousa verfasserin aut Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira verfasserin aut Carmen Diniz verfasserin aut In Medical Sciences Forum MDPI AG, 2023 14(2022), 1, p 50 (DE-627)1817848402 26739992 nnns volume:14 year:2022 number:1, p 50 https://doi.org/10.3390/ECMC2022-13426 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/a32dc587645747919883832ecaf8380a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9992/14/1/50 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2673-9992 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2022 1, p 50
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author	Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira
spellingShingle	Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira misc hypertension misc bioactive peptides misc brewer’s spent grain misc brewer’s spent yeast misc ACE misc ACE inhibitor misc Medicine misc R Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
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topic_title	Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme hypertension bioactive peptides brewer’s spent grain brewer’s spent yeast ACE ACE inhibitor
topic	misc hypertension misc bioactive peptides misc brewer’s spent grain misc brewer’s spent yeast misc ACE misc ACE inhibitor misc Medicine misc R
topic_unstemmed	misc hypertension misc bioactive peptides misc brewer’s spent grain misc brewer’s spent yeast misc ACE misc ACE inhibitor misc Medicine misc R
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title	Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
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title_full	Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
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author_browse	Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira Zita E. Martins Miguel Ângelo Faria Joana Beatriz Sousa Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira Carmen Diniz
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title_sort	natural brewing peptides with enhanced inhibitory effects on angiotensin i-converting enzyme
title_auth	Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
abstract	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension.
abstractGer	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension.
abstract_unstemmed	Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are anti-hypertensive drugs associated with several side effects. Natural compounds, namely bioactive peptides from brewing by-products—brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and yeast (BSY)—are promising alternatives, as they can inhibit ACE in vitro and are less likely to cause severe side effects, while maintaining therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of oral administration on peptides’ bioavailability has not been assessed so far. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand in vitro the impact of the oral route on the effectiveness of BSG/BSY peptides as ACE inhibitors. Extracted BSG/BSY proteins were hydrolysed and sequentially subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (INFOGEST), intestinal absorption and liver metabolism (co-culture of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells). MTT assay was used to assess BSG/BSY peptides’ safeness. The ACE-inhibitory potential of initial and final products (BSY, BSG and a mixture 50:50—MIX) at an identical concentration (0.857mg/mL) was measured (fluorometric assay) and compared with Captopril (1 µM, a clinically used ACE-inhibitory drug). Simulation of oral administration increased brewing peptides’ ACE-inhibitory capacity. When comparing the final peptides with captopril, BSY demonstrated identical potency, while BSG showed 22% greater efficacy; the new tested product MIX presented 30% higher inhibition. In conclusion, the current study shows that BSG, BSY and MIX natural peptides derived from the brewing industry enhance their bioactive properties as ACE-inhibitors after oral administration, validating the usefulness of these peptides to reduce the risk of, ameliorate or treat primary hypertension.
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title_short	Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme
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author2	Zita E. Martins Miguel Ângelo Faria Joana Beatriz Sousa Isabel M. P. L. V. O. Ferreira Carmen Diniz
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Natural Brewing Peptides with Enhanced Inhibitory Effects on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme

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