Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction

ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter s...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Wenbo Ma [verfasserIn] Mingsha Zhang [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Neuroscience - Frontiers Media S.A., 2008, 17(2023)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:17 ; year:2023

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ088463710

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520			\|a ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism.
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allfields	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088463710 (DE-599)DOAJ262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Wenbo Ma verfasserin aut Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism. reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Mingsha Zhang verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 17(2023) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:17 year:2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 17 2023
spelling	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088463710 (DE-599)DOAJ262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Wenbo Ma verfasserin aut Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism. reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Mingsha Zhang verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 17(2023) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:17 year:2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 17 2023
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088463710 (DE-599)DOAJ262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Wenbo Ma verfasserin aut Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism. reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Mingsha Zhang verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 17(2023) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:17 year:2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 17 2023
allfieldsGer	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088463710 (DE-599)DOAJ262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Wenbo Ma verfasserin aut Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism. reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Mingsha Zhang verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 17(2023) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:17 year:2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 17 2023
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088463710 (DE-599)DOAJ262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC321-571 Wenbo Ma verfasserin aut Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism. reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Mingsha Zhang verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Neuroscience Frontiers Media S.A., 2008 17(2023) (DE-627)55908109X (DE-600)2411902-7 1662453X nnns volume:17 year:2023 https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 17 2023
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The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. 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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Wenbo Ma
spellingShingle	Wenbo Ma misc RC321-571 misc reactive saccades misc anti-saccade misc memory-guided saccade misc internal model misc multiple step saccades misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
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topic_title	RC321-571 Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction reactive saccades anti-saccade memory-guided saccade internal model multiple step saccades
topic	misc RC321-571 misc reactive saccades misc anti-saccade misc memory-guided saccade misc internal model misc multiple step saccades misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_unstemmed	misc RC321-571 misc reactive saccades misc anti-saccade misc memory-guided saccade misc internal model misc multiple step saccades misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
topic_browse	misc RC321-571 misc reactive saccades misc anti-saccade misc memory-guided saccade misc internal model misc multiple step saccades misc Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
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title	Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
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title_full	Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
author_sort	Wenbo Ma
journal	Frontiers in Neuroscience
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title_sort	multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
callnumber	RC321-571
title_auth	Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
abstract	ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism.
abstractGer	ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism.
abstract_unstemmed	ObjectivesMultiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models.MethodsFifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks.ResultsSaccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs.ConclusionOur results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism.
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title_short	Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655 https://doaj.org/article/262675c3439a4814ae8bcd1db6c53eee https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655/full https://doaj.org/toc/1662-453X
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doi_str	10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655
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up_date	2024-07-03T17:48:59.034Z
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Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction

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