Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria

Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Ishmail Kamara [verfasserIn] Gilbert Umaye Adie [verfasserIn] Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Scientific African - Elsevier, 2018, 20(2023), Seite e01613-
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:20 ; year:2023 ; pages:e01613-

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ088549763

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allfields	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ishmail Kamara verfasserin aut Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q Gilbert Umaye Adie verfasserin aut Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa verfasserin aut In Scientific African Elsevier, 2018 20(2023), Seite e01613- (DE-627)1047200163 24682276 nnns volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2023 e01613-
spelling	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ishmail Kamara verfasserin aut Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q Gilbert Umaye Adie verfasserin aut Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa verfasserin aut In Scientific African Elsevier, 2018 20(2023), Seite e01613- (DE-627)1047200163 24682276 nnns volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2023 e01613-
allfields_unstemmed	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ishmail Kamara verfasserin aut Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q Gilbert Umaye Adie verfasserin aut Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa verfasserin aut In Scientific African Elsevier, 2018 20(2023), Seite e01613- (DE-627)1047200163 24682276 nnns volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2023 e01613-
allfieldsGer	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ishmail Kamara verfasserin aut Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q Gilbert Umaye Adie verfasserin aut Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa verfasserin aut In Scientific African Elsevier, 2018 20(2023), Seite e01613- (DE-627)1047200163 24682276 nnns volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2023 e01613-
allfieldsSound	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 doi (DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ishmail Kamara verfasserin aut Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required. Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q Gilbert Umaye Adie verfasserin aut Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa verfasserin aut In Scientific African Elsevier, 2018 20(2023), Seite e01613- (DE-627)1047200163 24682276 nnns volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2023 e01613-
language	English
source	In Scientific African 20(2023), Seite e01613- volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613-
sourceStr	In Scientific African 20(2023), Seite e01613- volume:20 year:2023 pages:e01613-
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topic_facet	Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index Science Q
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Ishmail Kamara @@aut@@ Gilbert Umaye Adie @@aut@@ Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa @@aut@@
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Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. 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topic_title	Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria Toxic metals Low-cost toys Polyvinyl chloride Artificial saliva Gastric environment Hazard index
topic	misc Toxic metals misc Low-cost toys misc Polyvinyl chloride misc Artificial saliva misc Gastric environment misc Hazard index misc Science misc Q
topic_unstemmed	misc Toxic metals misc Low-cost toys misc Polyvinyl chloride misc Artificial saliva misc Gastric environment misc Hazard index misc Science misc Q
topic_browse	misc Toxic metals misc Low-cost toys misc Polyvinyl chloride misc Artificial saliva misc Gastric environment misc Hazard index misc Science misc Q
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title	Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ088549763 (DE-599)DOAJ61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede
title_full	Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
author_sort	Ishmail Kamara
journal	Scientific African
journalStr	Scientific African
lang_code	eng
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publishDateSort	2023
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author_browse	Ishmail Kamara Gilbert Umaye Adie Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa
container_volume	20
format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Ishmail Kamara
doi_str_mv	10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613
author2-role	verfasserin
title_sort	total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in ibadan, south west nigeria
title_auth	Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
abstract	Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required.
abstractGer	Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required.
abstract_unstemmed	Toxic metals are usually added to children's toys to improve/impact some intrinsic properties such as colour which attracts children. Some of the toxic metals have life-threatening potentials on children when ingested. There is no specific legislation in Nigeria that monitors and regulates limits of such metals in toys. This study assessed total and bio-accessible concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Mn in imported low-cost children's plastic toys sold in popular markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 22 different toys were purchased and subjected to an indicative test for the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) following the Beilstein method as well as analysing for total recoverable metals and migrated fractions into simulated saliva and gastric environments. Toy samples were crushed, ashed, and dissolved with dilute nitric acid for total recoverable metals while migration studies were carried out using simulated saliva and gastric environments to check bio-accessible fractions that could leach into the human system. Metals in all extracts were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The indicative PVC test showed 12 samples positive to PVC and 10 tested negative. Total recoverable metal concentrations (mg/kg) ranged as follows: Pb: Below Detection Limit (BDL) - 4838, Cd: BDL - 44.9, Cr: 0.331–79.8, Ni: 0.273–59.1 and Mn: 0.205–31.0 with Pb and Cr having 18 and 14% of samples higher than EU limits of 90 and 60 mg/kg. Bio-accessible concentrations in artificial saliva were: Pb: BDL - 42.4, Cd: BDL-0.450, Ni: BDL-1.40 and Mn: BDL-0.058 with Pb higher in 70% of samples compared to 2.0 mg/kg migrated EU limit while other metals were within the limits. Furthermore, metal concentrations that migrated to gastric environment were: Pb: 8.24–50.3, Cd: BDL-0.057, Ni: 0.103–1.96 and Mn: BDL-1.37 with Pb in 100% of samples higher than 2.0 mg/kg EU migrated limit. Chromium migration in both environments was BDL. The results of this study suggest that toxic metal contents are present in both PVC and non-PVC made toys, but higher in PVC containing toys. Though the calculated hazard index for health risk assessment of heavy metals was < 1 for all metals, Pb concentration in both total recoverable extract and saliva and gastric environments seem to be problematic and constant monitoring and regulation are required.
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title_short	Total and bio-accessible toxic metals in low-cost children toys sold in major markets in Ibadan, South West Nigeria
url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01613 https://doaj.org/article/61c965628653428a8f50f177a6599ede http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227623000704 https://doaj.org/toc/2468-2276
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author2	Gilbert Umaye Adie Abdulmoseen Segun Giwa
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up_date	2024-07-03T18:16:16.477Z
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