Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect

Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women an...
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Autor*in:	Brian K. Foutch [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2024

Schlagwörter:	brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research - Knowledge E, 2009, 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:19 ; year:2024 ; number:1 ; pages:71-81

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ092480624

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520			\|a Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users.
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allfields	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 doi (DE-627)DOAJ092480624 (DE-599)DOAJ062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RE1-994 Brian K. Foutch verfasserin aut Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users. brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation Ophthalmology In Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research Knowledge E, 2009 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81 (DE-627)638066077 (DE-600)2578268-X 2008322X nnns volume:19 year:2024 number:1 pages:71-81 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 19 2024 1 71-81
spelling	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 doi (DE-627)DOAJ092480624 (DE-599)DOAJ062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RE1-994 Brian K. Foutch verfasserin aut Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users. brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation Ophthalmology In Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research Knowledge E, 2009 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81 (DE-627)638066077 (DE-600)2578268-X 2008322X nnns volume:19 year:2024 number:1 pages:71-81 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 19 2024 1 71-81
allfields_unstemmed	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 doi (DE-627)DOAJ092480624 (DE-599)DOAJ062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RE1-994 Brian K. Foutch verfasserin aut Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users. brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation Ophthalmology In Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research Knowledge E, 2009 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81 (DE-627)638066077 (DE-600)2578268-X 2008322X nnns volume:19 year:2024 number:1 pages:71-81 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 19 2024 1 71-81
allfieldsGer	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 doi (DE-627)DOAJ092480624 (DE-599)DOAJ062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RE1-994 Brian K. Foutch verfasserin aut Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users. brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation Ophthalmology In Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research Knowledge E, 2009 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81 (DE-627)638066077 (DE-600)2578268-X 2008322X nnns volume:19 year:2024 number:1 pages:71-81 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 19 2024 1 71-81
allfieldsSound	10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 doi (DE-627)DOAJ092480624 (DE-599)DOAJ062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RE1-994 Brian K. Foutch verfasserin aut Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users. brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation Ophthalmology In Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research Knowledge E, 2009 19(2024), 1, Seite 71-81 (DE-627)638066077 (DE-600)2578268-X 2008322X nnns volume:19 year:2024 number:1 pages:71-81 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 Journal toc kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 19 2024 1 71-81
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Foutch</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2024</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. 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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Brian K. Foutch
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topic_title	RE1-994 Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation
topic	misc RE1-994 misc brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation misc Ophthalmology
topic_unstemmed	misc RE1-994 misc brightness contraception helmholtz–kohlrausch effect hormones luminance menstrual cycle saturation misc Ophthalmology
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title	Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect
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title_full	Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect
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title_sort	sex hormones influence the helmholtz–kohlrausch effect
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title_auth	Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect
abstract	Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users.
abstractGer	Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC). Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases. Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance. Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users.
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title_short	Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect
url	https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441 https://doaj.org/article/062559abc47242fb9aa06d34ecfd31cf https://doaj.org/toc/2008-2010 https://doaj.org/toc/2008-322X
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