A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Xin Cheng [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Land - MDPI AG, 2013, 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:12 ; year:2023 ; number:1912, p 1912 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.3390/land12101912 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ093118171 |
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| 520 | |a Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. | ||
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10.3390/land12101912 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093118171 (DE-599)DOAJ27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xin Cheng verfasserin aut A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. national parks cultural ecosystem services evaluation methods Agriculture S In Land MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 (DE-627)72649500X (DE-600)2682955-1 2073445X nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:1912, p 1912 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 1912, p 1912 |
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10.3390/land12101912 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093118171 (DE-599)DOAJ27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xin Cheng verfasserin aut A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. national parks cultural ecosystem services evaluation methods Agriculture S In Land MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 (DE-627)72649500X (DE-600)2682955-1 2073445X nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:1912, p 1912 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 1912, p 1912 |
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10.3390/land12101912 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093118171 (DE-599)DOAJ27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xin Cheng verfasserin aut A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. national parks cultural ecosystem services evaluation methods Agriculture S In Land MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 (DE-627)72649500X (DE-600)2682955-1 2073445X nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:1912, p 1912 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 1912, p 1912 |
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10.3390/land12101912 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093118171 (DE-599)DOAJ27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xin Cheng verfasserin aut A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. national parks cultural ecosystem services evaluation methods Agriculture S In Land MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 (DE-627)72649500X (DE-600)2682955-1 2073445X nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:1912, p 1912 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 1912, p 1912 |
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10.3390/land12101912 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093118171 (DE-599)DOAJ27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Xin Cheng verfasserin aut A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. national parks cultural ecosystem services evaluation methods Agriculture S In Land MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 1912, p 1912 (DE-627)72649500X (DE-600)2682955-1 2073445X nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:1912, p 1912 https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/27693d8e91d44003a69e840a9a5f6ca0 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/10/1912 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-445X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 1912, p 1912 |
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A Review of Empirical Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks: Current Status and Future Research |
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Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. |
| abstractGer |
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. |
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Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. To map the knowledge generated by CES within NP and to support NP practices, this study conducted a review of 199 empirical studies to identify the geographic distribution of research, specific NP habitats/ecosystems that supply CES, frequently addressed CES subcategories, CES evaluation methods, and challenges and prospects for future studies. The results revealed the following: a disparity exists in the global distribution of studies, and the majority of research is conducted in Europe and the USA, with limited knowledge about CES in developing countries. Studies on CES derived from specific NP habitats/ecosystems are limited, and not all the services have received equal attention. Multiple evaluation methods have been employed to assess CES, primarily relying on non-monetary approaches. Among these, participatory mapping-related methods and social-media-based methods are widely favored by researchers. Based on those findings, this study makes the following recommendations: (1) further research is needed in order to investigate a wider range of NP habitats/ecosystems worldwide, especially in developing countries; (2) comprehensive evaluation methods should be employed, considering all services, especially those less addressed; (3) more diverse methods for evaluating CES should be developed, with a particular emphasis on combining various methods to enhance evaluation accuracy; (4) the use of diverse techniques, such as machine learning for social-media-based methods, is encouraged to support data collection and processing to improve the efficacy of evaluation; (5) further studies on the relationships between CES and NP features can assist stakeholders in more effectively addressing CES by enabling the management and adjustment of these features; (6) future studies should integrate CES evaluation into an ecosystem services framework to support application in NP conservation and sustainable management. |
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