Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings

The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxyg...
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Autor*in:	Stefano Frigo [verfasserIn] Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti [verfasserIn] Sara Fulignati [verfasserIn] Domenico Licursi [verfasserIn] Lorenzo Bertin [verfasserIn] Gonzalo Agustin Martinez [verfasserIn] Gianluca Pasini [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Energies - MDPI AG, 2008, 16(2023), 6789, p 6789
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:16 ; year:2023 ; number:6789, p 6789

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/en16196789

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ093234309

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allfields	10.3390/en16196789 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stefano Frigo verfasserin aut Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance. waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti verfasserin aut Sara Fulignati verfasserin aut Domenico Licursi verfasserin aut Lorenzo Bertin verfasserin aut Gonzalo Agustin Martinez verfasserin aut Gianluca Pasini verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2023 6789, p 6789
spelling	10.3390/en16196789 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stefano Frigo verfasserin aut Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance. waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti verfasserin aut Sara Fulignati verfasserin aut Domenico Licursi verfasserin aut Lorenzo Bertin verfasserin aut Gonzalo Agustin Martinez verfasserin aut Gianluca Pasini verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2023 6789, p 6789
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/en16196789 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stefano Frigo verfasserin aut Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance. waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti verfasserin aut Sara Fulignati verfasserin aut Domenico Licursi verfasserin aut Lorenzo Bertin verfasserin aut Gonzalo Agustin Martinez verfasserin aut Gianluca Pasini verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2023 6789, p 6789
allfieldsGer	10.3390/en16196789 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stefano Frigo verfasserin aut Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance. waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti verfasserin aut Sara Fulignati verfasserin aut Domenico Licursi verfasserin aut Lorenzo Bertin verfasserin aut Gonzalo Agustin Martinez verfasserin aut Gianluca Pasini verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2023 6789, p 6789
allfieldsSound	10.3390/en16196789 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Stefano Frigo verfasserin aut Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance. waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti verfasserin aut Sara Fulignati verfasserin aut Domenico Licursi verfasserin aut Lorenzo Bertin verfasserin aut Gonzalo Agustin Martinez verfasserin aut Gianluca Pasini verfasserin aut In Energies MDPI AG, 2008 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 (DE-627)572083742 (DE-600)2437446-5 19961073 nnns volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789 https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/19/6789 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 16 2023 6789, p 6789
language	English
source	In Energies 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789
sourceStr	In Energies 16(2023), 6789, p 6789 volume:16 year:2023 number:6789, p 6789
format_phy_str_mv	Article
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topic_facet	waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions Technology T
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Stefano Frigo @@aut@@ Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti @@aut@@ Sara Fulignati @@aut@@ Domenico Licursi @@aut@@ Lorenzo Bertin @@aut@@ Gonzalo Agustin Martinez @@aut@@ Gianluca Pasini @@aut@@
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topic_title	Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings waste biomass rhenium catalyst hydrogenation oxygenated bio-additives exhaust emissions
topic	misc waste biomass misc rhenium catalyst misc hydrogenation misc oxygenated bio-additives misc exhaust emissions misc Technology misc T
topic_unstemmed	misc waste biomass misc rhenium catalyst misc hydrogenation misc oxygenated bio-additives misc exhaust emissions misc Technology misc T
topic_browse	misc waste biomass misc rhenium catalyst misc hydrogenation misc oxygenated bio-additives misc exhaust emissions misc Technology misc T
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title	Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings
ctrlnum	(DE-627)DOAJ093234309 (DE-599)DOAJ032629ad186846bcae420dc50236968a
title_full	Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings
author_sort	Stefano Frigo
journal	Energies
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author_browse	Stefano Frigo Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti Sara Fulignati Domenico Licursi Lorenzo Bertin Gonzalo Agustin Martinez Gianluca Pasini
container_volume	16
format_se	Elektronische Aufsätze
author-letter	Stefano Frigo
doi_str_mv	10.3390/en16196789
author2-role	verfasserin
title_sort	synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures from grape pomace: insights on diesel engine performances at high bio-blendstock loadings
title_auth	Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings
abstract	The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance.
abstractGer	The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance.
abstract_unstemmed	The production of oxygenated bio-additives for traditional fuels represents a key challenge due to their depletion in the near-future and their positive contribution to the reduction in environmental pollution. The present study considers the synthesis of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures, two oxygenated Diesel bio-additives produced through the hydrogenation of hexanoic acid, obtainable from the fermentation of a wide variety of waste biomasses. In our case, crude hexanoic acid was produced through the fermentation of grape pomace, an abundant Italian agrifood waste. Commercial 5 wt% Re/γ-Al<sub<2</sub<O<sub<3</sub< was adopted for the catalytic hydrogenation of crude hexanoic acid, and the support acidity allowed the tuning of the reaction selectivity toward the formation of hexyl hexanoate, instead of 1-hexanol, reaching yields of 40 and 25 mol%, respectively. The effects of each bio-additive on Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions (soot, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons) were evaluated, highlighting noteworthy positive effects especially on the reduction in carbon monoxide and soot emissions, if compared with those of Diesel fuel alone. Similar promising performances were achieved by employing Diesel blend mixtures of 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate, mimicking typical compositions of the rhenium-catalyzed post-hydrogenation mixtures. Even in such cases, 1-hexanol/hexyl hexanoate mixtures can be blended with commercial Diesel fuel, up to high loadings currently not yet investigated (20 vol%), without altering the engine performances and, again, significantly lowering soot and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 40%. This work highlights the possibility of obtaining such oxygenated bio-additives starting from waste through to a fully sustainable process and proves their beneficial effects on the reduction in exhaust emissions with no changes in engine performance.
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title_short	Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings
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