A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks

IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Emilie Muysewinkel [verfasserIn] Lara Vesentini [verfasserIn] Helena Van Deynse [verfasserIn] Stephanie Vanclooster [verfasserIn] Johan Bilsen [verfasserIn] Roel Van Overmeire [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2024

Schlagwörter:	terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Frontiers in Psychiatry - Frontiers Media S.A., 2010, 15(2024)
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:15 ; year:2024

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ093758030

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520			\|a IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings.
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allfields	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093758030 (DE-599)DOAJfb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC435-571 Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings. terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health Psychiatry Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut Lara Vesentini verfasserin aut Helena Van Deynse verfasserin aut Stephanie Vanclooster verfasserin aut Johan Bilsen verfasserin aut Roel Van Overmeire verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Psychiatry Frontiers Media S.A., 2010 15(2024) (DE-627)631498796 (DE-600)2564218-2 16640640 nnns volume:15 year:2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2024
spelling	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093758030 (DE-599)DOAJfb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC435-571 Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings. terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health Psychiatry Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut Lara Vesentini verfasserin aut Helena Van Deynse verfasserin aut Stephanie Vanclooster verfasserin aut Johan Bilsen verfasserin aut Roel Van Overmeire verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Psychiatry Frontiers Media S.A., 2010 15(2024) (DE-627)631498796 (DE-600)2564218-2 16640640 nnns volume:15 year:2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2024
allfields_unstemmed	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093758030 (DE-599)DOAJfb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC435-571 Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings. terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health Psychiatry Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut Lara Vesentini verfasserin aut Helena Van Deynse verfasserin aut Stephanie Vanclooster verfasserin aut Johan Bilsen verfasserin aut Roel Van Overmeire verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Psychiatry Frontiers Media S.A., 2010 15(2024) (DE-627)631498796 (DE-600)2564218-2 16640640 nnns volume:15 year:2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2024
allfieldsGer	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093758030 (DE-599)DOAJfb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC435-571 Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings. terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health Psychiatry Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut Lara Vesentini verfasserin aut Helena Van Deynse verfasserin aut Stephanie Vanclooster verfasserin aut Johan Bilsen verfasserin aut Roel Van Overmeire verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Psychiatry Frontiers Media S.A., 2010 15(2024) (DE-627)631498796 (DE-600)2564218-2 16640640 nnns volume:15 year:2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2024
allfieldsSound	10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 doi (DE-627)DOAJ093758030 (DE-599)DOAJfb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC435-571 Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings. terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health Psychiatry Emilie Muysewinkel verfasserin aut Lara Vesentini verfasserin aut Helena Van Deynse verfasserin aut Stephanie Vanclooster verfasserin aut Johan Bilsen verfasserin aut Roel Van Overmeire verfasserin aut In Frontiers in Psychiatry Frontiers Media S.A., 2010 15(2024) (DE-627)631498796 (DE-600)2564218-2 16640640 nnns volume:15 year:2024 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 kostenfrei https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 15 2024
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However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. 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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Emilie Muysewinkel
spellingShingle	Emilie Muysewinkel misc RC435-571 misc terrorism misc emergency responders misc stressors misc debriefings misc mental health misc Psychiatry A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks
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topic_title	RC435-571 A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks terrorism emergency responders stressors debriefings mental health
topic	misc RC435-571 misc terrorism misc emergency responders misc stressors misc debriefings misc mental health misc Psychiatry
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title	A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks
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title_full	A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks
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title_sort	day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 march 2016 terrorist attacks
callnumber	RC435-571
title_auth	A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks
abstract	IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings.
abstractGer	IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings.
abstract_unstemmed	IntroductionTerrorist attacks can cause severe long-term mental health issues that need treatment. However, in the case of emergency responders, research is often vague on the type of stressors that emergency responders encounter. For example, in addition to the threat that they work under, studies have shown that ill-preparation adds to the stress experienced by emergency responders. However, few studies have looked into the experience of emergency responders. In this study, we looked at the experience of emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks in Belgium.MethodsWe used a qualitative design, in which we interviewed different types of emergency responders. Police officers, nurses, soldiers, firefighters, and Red Cross volunteers were included. Interviews were coded by two researchers and analyzed using a thematic approach.ResultsFour large themes were developed: constant threat and chaos, frustrations with lack of preparedness and training, ethical decisions, and debriefings. In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. Our study revealed that preparation is key, not only in terms of material but also in terms of ethics and debriefings.
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title_short	A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks
url	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130 https://doaj.org/article/fb29720065eb4f99895f84937ce79601 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1353130/full https://doaj.org/toc/1664-0640
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author2	Emilie Muysewinkel Lara Vesentini Helena Van Deynse Stephanie Vanclooster Johan Bilsen Roel Van Overmeire
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up_date	2024-07-03T19:13:47.803Z
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In addition, although emergency responders encountered constant threat, they often felt that they were ill-prepared for such attacks. One specific example was their lack of training in tourniquet usage. Furthermore, in a disaster setting, the emergency responders had to make life-and-death decisions for which they were not always prepared. Finally, debriefings were conducted in the aftermath of the attacks. Whereas most were perceived as positive, the debriefings among police officers were viewed as insufficient.ConclusionsEmergency responding to terrorist attacks has many different dimensions of events that can cause stress. 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A day in the life: psychological impact on emergency responders during the 22 March 2016 terrorist attacks

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