Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review

Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Sneha Gupta [verfasserIn] Sibel Yildirim [verfasserIn] Benjamin Andrikopoulos [verfasserIn] Uta Wille [verfasserIn] Ute Roessner [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	inhibitors nitrification nitrogen nitrogen cycling smart agriculture plant nitrogen uptake

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Agronomy - MDPI AG, 2012, 13(2023), 6, p 1603
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2023 ; number:6, p 1603

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/agronomy13061603

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ094225605

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allfields	10.3390/agronomy13061603 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094225605 (DE-599)DOAJ4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sneha Gupta verfasserin aut Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production. inhibitors nitrification nitrogen nitrogen cycling smart agriculture plant nitrogen uptake Agriculture S Sibel Yildirim verfasserin aut Benjamin Andrikopoulos verfasserin aut Uta Wille verfasserin aut Ute Roessner verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 6, p 1603 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:6, p 1603 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 6, p 1603
spelling	10.3390/agronomy13061603 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094225605 (DE-599)DOAJ4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sneha Gupta verfasserin aut Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production. inhibitors nitrification nitrogen nitrogen cycling smart agriculture plant nitrogen uptake Agriculture S Sibel Yildirim verfasserin aut Benjamin Andrikopoulos verfasserin aut Uta Wille verfasserin aut Ute Roessner verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 6, p 1603 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:6, p 1603 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 6, p 1603
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allfieldsGer	10.3390/agronomy13061603 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094225605 (DE-599)DOAJ4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sneha Gupta verfasserin aut Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production. inhibitors nitrification nitrogen nitrogen cycling smart agriculture plant nitrogen uptake Agriculture S Sibel Yildirim verfasserin aut Benjamin Andrikopoulos verfasserin aut Uta Wille verfasserin aut Ute Roessner verfasserin aut In Agronomy MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 6, p 1603 (DE-627)658000543 (DE-600)2607043-1 20734395 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:6, p 1603 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1603 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 6, p 1603
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doi_str_mv	10.3390/agronomy13061603
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title_sort	deciphering the interactions in the root–soil nexus caused by urease and nitrification inhibitors: a review
title_auth	Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review
abstract	Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
abstractGer	Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
abstract_unstemmed	Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH<sub<3</sub<) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup<) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup<) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< and reduce nitrogen loss through NH<sub<3</sub< volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (<i<Nitrosomonas</i< spp.) that convert NH<sub<4</sub<<sup<+</sup< to nitrite (NO<sub<2</sub<<sup<−</sup<), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO<sub<3</sub<<sup<−</sup< or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production.
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container_issue	6, p 1603
title_short	Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061603 https://doaj.org/article/4bfdd442e85d44d6ab73b455dc0f886a https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/6/1603 https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4395
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author2	Sibel Yildirim Benjamin Andrikopoulos Uta Wille Ute Roessner
author2Str	Sibel Yildirim Benjamin Andrikopoulos Uta Wille Ute Roessner
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up_date	2024-07-03T21:58:55.419Z
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