Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method

This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pres...
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Autor*in:	Weronika Ptak [verfasserIn] Jarosław Czarnecki [verfasserIn] Marek Brennensthul [verfasserIn] Krzysztof Lejman [verfasserIn] Agata Małecka [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Agriculture - MDPI AG, 2012, 13(2023), 5, p 1094
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2023 ; number:5, p 1094

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/agriculture13051094

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ094435014

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520			\|a This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing.
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allfields	10.3390/agriculture13051094 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094435014 (DE-599)DOAJe0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng S1-972 Weronika Ptak verfasserin aut Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing. soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning Agriculture (General) Jarosław Czarnecki verfasserin aut Marek Brennensthul verfasserin aut Krzysztof Lejman verfasserin aut Agata Małecka verfasserin aut In Agriculture MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 5, p 1094 (DE-627)686948173 (DE-600)2651678-0 20770472 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 5, p 1094
spelling	10.3390/agriculture13051094 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094435014 (DE-599)DOAJe0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng S1-972 Weronika Ptak verfasserin aut Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing. soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning Agriculture (General) Jarosław Czarnecki verfasserin aut Marek Brennensthul verfasserin aut Krzysztof Lejman verfasserin aut Agata Małecka verfasserin aut In Agriculture MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 5, p 1094 (DE-627)686948173 (DE-600)2651678-0 20770472 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 5, p 1094
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/agriculture13051094 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094435014 (DE-599)DOAJe0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng S1-972 Weronika Ptak verfasserin aut Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing. soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning Agriculture (General) Jarosław Czarnecki verfasserin aut Marek Brennensthul verfasserin aut Krzysztof Lejman verfasserin aut Agata Małecka verfasserin aut In Agriculture MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 5, p 1094 (DE-627)686948173 (DE-600)2651678-0 20770472 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 5, p 1094
allfieldsGer	10.3390/agriculture13051094 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094435014 (DE-599)DOAJe0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng S1-972 Weronika Ptak verfasserin aut Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing. soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning Agriculture (General) Jarosław Czarnecki verfasserin aut Marek Brennensthul verfasserin aut Krzysztof Lejman verfasserin aut Agata Małecka verfasserin aut In Agriculture MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 5, p 1094 (DE-627)686948173 (DE-600)2651678-0 20770472 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 5, p 1094
allfieldsSound	10.3390/agriculture13051094 doi (DE-627)DOAJ094435014 (DE-599)DOAJe0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng S1-972 Weronika Ptak verfasserin aut Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing. soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning Agriculture (General) Jarosław Czarnecki verfasserin aut Marek Brennensthul verfasserin aut Krzysztof Lejman verfasserin aut Agata Małecka verfasserin aut In Agriculture MDPI AG, 2012 13(2023), 5, p 1094 (DE-627)686948173 (DE-600)2651678-0 20770472 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094 https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 5, p 1094
language	English
source	In Agriculture 13(2023), 5, p 1094 volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094
sourceStr	In Agriculture 13(2023), 5, p 1094 volume:13 year:2023 number:5, p 1094
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container_title	Agriculture
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Weronika Ptak @@aut@@ Jarosław Czarnecki @@aut@@ Marek Brennensthul @@aut@@ Krzysztof Lejman @@aut@@ Agata Małecka @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	S - Agriculture
author	Weronika Ptak
spellingShingle	Weronika Ptak misc S1-972 misc soil deformation misc contact surface misc radial tire misc bias-ply tire misc 3D scanning misc Agriculture (General) Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method
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topic_title	S1-972 Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method soil deformation contact surface radial tire bias-ply tire 3D scanning
topic	misc S1-972 misc soil deformation misc contact surface misc radial tire misc bias-ply tire misc 3D scanning misc Agriculture (General)
topic_unstemmed	misc S1-972 misc soil deformation misc contact surface misc radial tire misc bias-ply tire misc 3D scanning misc Agriculture (General)
topic_browse	misc S1-972 misc soil deformation misc contact surface misc radial tire misc bias-ply tire misc 3D scanning misc Agriculture (General)
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title	Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method
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title_full	Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method
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author_browse	Weronika Ptak Jarosław Czarnecki Marek Brennensthul Krzysztof Lejman Agata Małecka
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title_sort	evaluation of tires acting on soil in field conditions using the 3d scanning method
callnumber	S1-972
title_auth	Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method
abstract	This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing.
abstractGer	This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing.
abstract_unstemmed	This research presents the results of tests conducted under field conditions and included measuring the footprint of tires on soil. Two agricultural tires of the same size but different internal structures were tested, 500/50R17 (radial) and 500/50-17 (bias-ply). The factors were tire inflation pressure (0.8 bar, 1.6 bar, and 2.4 bar) and tire vertical load (7.8 kN, 11.8 kN, and 15.7 kN). The footprint made on the soil was scanned with a 3D scanner, resulting in a digital image of the tire footprint on the soil to enable an analysis of the measured parameters: length, width, depth, and contact area (in 3D form). Statistical analysis showed that for radial tire footprints, both inflation pressure and vertical load had a significant effect on all analyzed parameters. For bias-ply tire footprints, it was shown that only inflation pressure had a significant effect on all of the analyzed parameters, while the significance of the effect of the vertical load was not confirmed for the footprint depth. Based on the results obtained, the suitability of models describing the relationship between operating factors and the actual footprint area was verified. It was found that for a radial tire, the model formulated based on laboratory tests can predict the contact surface under field conditions (the correlation coefficient R2 was equal to 0.9226). In the case of a bias-ply tire, the correlation coefficient R2 reached a value equal to 0.5828. This indicates a less accurate estimation of the surface area under field conditions based on the model designed after laboratory testing.
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title_short	Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051094 https://doaj.org/article/e0acf3f06fab41c4bad355fa249eefb3 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/5/1094 https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0472
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author2	Jarosław Czarnecki Marek Brennensthul Krzysztof Lejman Agata Małecka
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Evaluation of Tires Acting on Soil in Field Conditions Using the 3D Scanning Method

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