Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation

In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

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Autor*in:	Qiao Zhang [verfasserIn] Xiaoxian Tang [verfasserIn] Xueying Zhang [verfasserIn] Yuanchang He [verfasserIn] Yongcheng Li [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Journal of Functional Foods - Elsevier, 2021, 109(2023), Seite 105799-
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:109 ; year:2023 ; pages:105799-

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ095253033

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allfields	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 doi (DE-627)DOAJ095253033 (DE-599)DOAJed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 Qiao Zhang verfasserin aut Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity. Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines Nutrition. Foods and food supply Xiaoxian Tang verfasserin aut Xueying Zhang verfasserin aut Yuanchang He verfasserin aut Yongcheng Li verfasserin aut In Journal of Functional Foods Elsevier, 2021 109(2023), Seite 105799- (DE-627)587138432 (DE-600)2467241-5 22149414 nnns volume:109 year:2023 pages:105799- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 109 2023 105799-
spelling	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 doi (DE-627)DOAJ095253033 (DE-599)DOAJed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 Qiao Zhang verfasserin aut Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity. Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines Nutrition. Foods and food supply Xiaoxian Tang verfasserin aut Xueying Zhang verfasserin aut Yuanchang He verfasserin aut Yongcheng Li verfasserin aut In Journal of Functional Foods Elsevier, 2021 109(2023), Seite 105799- (DE-627)587138432 (DE-600)2467241-5 22149414 nnns volume:109 year:2023 pages:105799- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 109 2023 105799-
allfields_unstemmed	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 doi (DE-627)DOAJ095253033 (DE-599)DOAJed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 Qiao Zhang verfasserin aut Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity. Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines Nutrition. Foods and food supply Xiaoxian Tang verfasserin aut Xueying Zhang verfasserin aut Yuanchang He verfasserin aut Yongcheng Li verfasserin aut In Journal of Functional Foods Elsevier, 2021 109(2023), Seite 105799- (DE-627)587138432 (DE-600)2467241-5 22149414 nnns volume:109 year:2023 pages:105799- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 109 2023 105799-
allfieldsGer	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 doi (DE-627)DOAJ095253033 (DE-599)DOAJed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 Qiao Zhang verfasserin aut Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity. Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines Nutrition. Foods and food supply Xiaoxian Tang verfasserin aut Xueying Zhang verfasserin aut Yuanchang He verfasserin aut Yongcheng Li verfasserin aut In Journal of Functional Foods Elsevier, 2021 109(2023), Seite 105799- (DE-627)587138432 (DE-600)2467241-5 22149414 nnns volume:109 year:2023 pages:105799- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 109 2023 105799-
allfieldsSound	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 doi (DE-627)DOAJ095253033 (DE-599)DOAJed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TX341-641 Qiao Zhang verfasserin aut Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity. Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines Nutrition. Foods and food supply Xiaoxian Tang verfasserin aut Xueying Zhang verfasserin aut Yuanchang He verfasserin aut Yongcheng Li verfasserin aut In Journal of Functional Foods Elsevier, 2021 109(2023), Seite 105799- (DE-627)587138432 (DE-600)2467241-5 22149414 nnns volume:109 year:2023 pages:105799- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b kostenfrei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 109 2023 105799-
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Qiao Zhang @@aut@@ Xiaoxian Tang @@aut@@ Xueying Zhang @@aut@@ Yuanchang He @@aut@@ Yongcheng Li @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Qiao Zhang
spellingShingle	Qiao Zhang misc TX341-641 misc Immunomodulatory effect misc Chitin misc Gut microbiota misc Cytokines misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
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topic_title	TX341-641 Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation Immunomodulatory effect Chitin Gut microbiota Cytokines
topic	misc TX341-641 misc Immunomodulatory effect misc Chitin misc Gut microbiota misc Cytokines misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply
topic_unstemmed	misc TX341-641 misc Immunomodulatory effect misc Chitin misc Gut microbiota misc Cytokines misc Nutrition. Foods and food supply
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title	Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
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title_full	Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
author_sort	Qiao Zhang
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author_browse	Qiao Zhang Xiaoxian Tang Xueying Zhang Yuanchang He Yongcheng Li
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title_sort	immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
callnumber	TX341-641
title_auth	Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
abstract	In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity.
abstractGer	In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity.
abstract_unstemmed	In this study, the hydrolysis products of chitin, COS1 and COS2, had degrees of deacetylation of 5.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Notably, 50 mg/(kg·d) COS1 and COS2 significantly increased the levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), cytokines (IL-6 and IFN-γ), and the antioxidant activities (SOD and CAT) in cyclophosphamide-induced mice, and upregulated the mRNA expression of cytokines in the spleen. COS1 activated the MAPK signaling pathways of related proteins (ERK, p-ERK, JNK, and p-JNK). After COS1 and COS2 intervention, the gut microbial structure of immunosuppressed mice changed, increasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Dubosiella, Romboutsia, and Turicibacter, and decreasing the abundance of key bacteria such as, Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. Notably, COS1 exhibited a higher immunoregulatory activity than COS2, which may be associated with the acetyl groups in COS1. COS1 can be developed as an immunomodulatory agent in functional foods and medicine to improve immunity.
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title_short	Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation
url	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799 https://doaj.org/article/ed8771e6b48142fda24cbf25d412413b http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464623003997 https://doaj.org/toc/1756-4646
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doi_str	10.1016/j.jff.2023.105799
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up_date	2024-07-03T13:36:12.798Z
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Immunomodulatory effect of two hydrolysates of chitin on cyclophosphamide-induced mice via immune response enhancement and gut microbiota modulation

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