Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers

Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Takuro Kameda [verfasserIn] Atae Utsunomiya [verfasserIn] Nobuaki Otsuka [verfasserIn] Yoko Kubuki [verfasserIn] Taisuke Uchida [verfasserIn] Kotaro Shide [verfasserIn] Ayako Kamiunten [verfasserIn] Nobuaki Nakano [verfasserIn] Masahito Tokunaga [verfasserIn] Takayoshi Miyazono [verfasserIn] Yoshikiyo Ito [verfasserIn] Kentaro Yonekura [verfasserIn] Toshiro Kawakita [verfasserIn] Keiichi Akizuki [verfasserIn] Yuki Tahira [verfasserIn] Masayoshi Karasawa [verfasserIn] Tomonori Hidaka [verfasserIn] Ayaka Konagata [verfasserIn] Norifumi Taniguchi [verfasserIn] Yuma Nagatomo [verfasserIn] Fumiko Kogo [verfasserIn] Koichiro Shimizu [verfasserIn] Hiroaki Ueno [verfasserIn] Junzo Ishizaki [verfasserIn] Naoya Takahashi [verfasserIn] Yoshihiko Ikei [verfasserIn] Michihiro Hidaka [verfasserIn] Hideki Yamaguchi [verfasserIn] Kazuya Shimoda [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2024

Schlagwörter:	COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: BMC Infectious Diseases - BMC, 2003, 24(2024), 1, Seite 8
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:24 ; year:2024 ; number:1 ; pages:8

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ097433675

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245	1	0	\|a Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
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520			\|a Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them.
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650		4	\|a HTLV-1
650		4	\|a SARS-COV-2 spike protein
650		4	\|a Humoral immunity
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653		0	\|a Infectious and parasitic diseases
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700	0		\|a Nobuaki Nakano \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
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700	0		\|a Takayoshi Miyazono \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
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700	0		\|a Hiroaki Ueno \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Junzo Ishizaki \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Naoya Takahashi \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Yoshihiko Ikei \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Michihiro Hidaka \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Hideki Yamaguchi \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
700	0		\|a Kazuya Shimoda \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ097433675 (DE-599)DOAJfdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC109-216 Takuro Kameda verfasserin aut Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases Atae Utsunomiya verfasserin aut Nobuaki Otsuka verfasserin aut Yoko Kubuki verfasserin aut Taisuke Uchida verfasserin aut Kotaro Shide verfasserin aut Ayako Kamiunten verfasserin aut Nobuaki Nakano verfasserin aut Masahito Tokunaga verfasserin aut Takayoshi Miyazono verfasserin aut Yoshikiyo Ito verfasserin aut Kentaro Yonekura verfasserin aut Toshiro Kawakita verfasserin aut Keiichi Akizuki verfasserin aut Yuki Tahira verfasserin aut Masayoshi Karasawa verfasserin aut Tomonori Hidaka verfasserin aut Ayaka Konagata verfasserin aut Norifumi Taniguchi verfasserin aut Yuma Nagatomo verfasserin aut Fumiko Kogo verfasserin aut Koichiro Shimizu verfasserin aut Hiroaki Ueno verfasserin aut Junzo Ishizaki verfasserin aut Naoya Takahashi verfasserin aut Yoshihiko Ikei verfasserin aut Michihiro Hidaka verfasserin aut Hideki Yamaguchi verfasserin aut Kazuya Shimoda verfasserin aut In BMC Infectious Diseases BMC, 2003 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 (DE-627)326645381 (DE-600)2041550-3 14712334 nnns volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 24 2024 1 8
spelling	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ097433675 (DE-599)DOAJfdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC109-216 Takuro Kameda verfasserin aut Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases Atae Utsunomiya verfasserin aut Nobuaki Otsuka verfasserin aut Yoko Kubuki verfasserin aut Taisuke Uchida verfasserin aut Kotaro Shide verfasserin aut Ayako Kamiunten verfasserin aut Nobuaki Nakano verfasserin aut Masahito Tokunaga verfasserin aut Takayoshi Miyazono verfasserin aut Yoshikiyo Ito verfasserin aut Kentaro Yonekura verfasserin aut Toshiro Kawakita verfasserin aut Keiichi Akizuki verfasserin aut Yuki Tahira verfasserin aut Masayoshi Karasawa verfasserin aut Tomonori Hidaka verfasserin aut Ayaka Konagata verfasserin aut Norifumi Taniguchi verfasserin aut Yuma Nagatomo verfasserin aut Fumiko Kogo verfasserin aut Koichiro Shimizu verfasserin aut Hiroaki Ueno verfasserin aut Junzo Ishizaki verfasserin aut Naoya Takahashi verfasserin aut Yoshihiko Ikei verfasserin aut Michihiro Hidaka verfasserin aut Hideki Yamaguchi verfasserin aut Kazuya Shimoda verfasserin aut In BMC Infectious Diseases BMC, 2003 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 (DE-627)326645381 (DE-600)2041550-3 14712334 nnns volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 24 2024 1 8
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ097433675 (DE-599)DOAJfdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC109-216 Takuro Kameda verfasserin aut Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases Atae Utsunomiya verfasserin aut Nobuaki Otsuka verfasserin aut Yoko Kubuki verfasserin aut Taisuke Uchida verfasserin aut Kotaro Shide verfasserin aut Ayako Kamiunten verfasserin aut Nobuaki Nakano verfasserin aut Masahito Tokunaga verfasserin aut Takayoshi Miyazono verfasserin aut Yoshikiyo Ito verfasserin aut Kentaro Yonekura verfasserin aut Toshiro Kawakita verfasserin aut Keiichi Akizuki verfasserin aut Yuki Tahira verfasserin aut Masayoshi Karasawa verfasserin aut Tomonori Hidaka verfasserin aut Ayaka Konagata verfasserin aut Norifumi Taniguchi verfasserin aut Yuma Nagatomo verfasserin aut Fumiko Kogo verfasserin aut Koichiro Shimizu verfasserin aut Hiroaki Ueno verfasserin aut Junzo Ishizaki verfasserin aut Naoya Takahashi verfasserin aut Yoshihiko Ikei verfasserin aut Michihiro Hidaka verfasserin aut Hideki Yamaguchi verfasserin aut Kazuya Shimoda verfasserin aut In BMC Infectious Diseases BMC, 2003 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 (DE-627)326645381 (DE-600)2041550-3 14712334 nnns volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 24 2024 1 8
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ097433675 (DE-599)DOAJfdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC109-216 Takuro Kameda verfasserin aut Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases Atae Utsunomiya verfasserin aut Nobuaki Otsuka verfasserin aut Yoko Kubuki verfasserin aut Taisuke Uchida verfasserin aut Kotaro Shide verfasserin aut Ayako Kamiunten verfasserin aut Nobuaki Nakano verfasserin aut Masahito Tokunaga verfasserin aut Takayoshi Miyazono verfasserin aut Yoshikiyo Ito verfasserin aut Kentaro Yonekura verfasserin aut Toshiro Kawakita verfasserin aut Keiichi Akizuki verfasserin aut Yuki Tahira verfasserin aut Masayoshi Karasawa verfasserin aut Tomonori Hidaka verfasserin aut Ayaka Konagata verfasserin aut Norifumi Taniguchi verfasserin aut Yuma Nagatomo verfasserin aut Fumiko Kogo verfasserin aut Koichiro Shimizu verfasserin aut Hiroaki Ueno verfasserin aut Junzo Ishizaki verfasserin aut Naoya Takahashi verfasserin aut Yoshihiko Ikei verfasserin aut Michihiro Hidaka verfasserin aut Hideki Yamaguchi verfasserin aut Kazuya Shimoda verfasserin aut In BMC Infectious Diseases BMC, 2003 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 (DE-627)326645381 (DE-600)2041550-3 14712334 nnns volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 24 2024 1 8
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z doi (DE-627)DOAJ097433675 (DE-599)DOAJfdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng RC109-216 Takuro Kameda verfasserin aut Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers 2024 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them. COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases Atae Utsunomiya verfasserin aut Nobuaki Otsuka verfasserin aut Yoko Kubuki verfasserin aut Taisuke Uchida verfasserin aut Kotaro Shide verfasserin aut Ayako Kamiunten verfasserin aut Nobuaki Nakano verfasserin aut Masahito Tokunaga verfasserin aut Takayoshi Miyazono verfasserin aut Yoshikiyo Ito verfasserin aut Kentaro Yonekura verfasserin aut Toshiro Kawakita verfasserin aut Keiichi Akizuki verfasserin aut Yuki Tahira verfasserin aut Masayoshi Karasawa verfasserin aut Tomonori Hidaka verfasserin aut Ayaka Konagata verfasserin aut Norifumi Taniguchi verfasserin aut Yuma Nagatomo verfasserin aut Fumiko Kogo verfasserin aut Koichiro Shimizu verfasserin aut Hiroaki Ueno verfasserin aut Junzo Ishizaki verfasserin aut Naoya Takahashi verfasserin aut Yoshihiko Ikei verfasserin aut Michihiro Hidaka verfasserin aut Hideki Yamaguchi verfasserin aut Kazuya Shimoda verfasserin aut In BMC Infectious Diseases BMC, 2003 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 (DE-627)326645381 (DE-600)2041550-3 14712334 nnns volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 24 2024 1 8
language	English
source	In BMC Infectious Diseases 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8
sourceStr	In BMC Infectious Diseases 24(2024), 1, Seite 8 volume:24 year:2024 number:1 pages:8
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination Infectious and parasitic diseases
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container_title	BMC Infectious Diseases
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Takuro Kameda @@aut@@ Atae Utsunomiya @@aut@@ Nobuaki Otsuka @@aut@@ Yoko Kubuki @@aut@@ Taisuke Uchida @@aut@@ Kotaro Shide @@aut@@ Ayako Kamiunten @@aut@@ Nobuaki Nakano @@aut@@ Masahito Tokunaga @@aut@@ Takayoshi Miyazono @@aut@@ Yoshikiyo Ito @@aut@@ Kentaro Yonekura @@aut@@ Toshiro Kawakita @@aut@@ Keiichi Akizuki @@aut@@ Yuki Tahira @@aut@@ Masayoshi Karasawa @@aut@@ Tomonori Hidaka @@aut@@ Ayaka Konagata @@aut@@ Norifumi Taniguchi @@aut@@ Yuma Nagatomo @@aut@@ Fumiko Kogo @@aut@@ Koichiro Shimizu @@aut@@ Hiroaki Ueno @@aut@@ Junzo Ishizaki @@aut@@ Naoya Takahashi @@aut@@ Yoshihiko Ikei @@aut@@ Michihiro Hidaka @@aut@@ Hideki Yamaguchi @@aut@@ Kazuya Shimoda @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	326645381
id	DOAJ097433675
language_de	englisch
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Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. 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callnumber-first	R - Medicine
author	Takuro Kameda
spellingShingle	Takuro Kameda misc RC109-216 misc COVID-19 misc HTLV-1 misc SARS-COV-2 spike protein misc Humoral immunity misc Vaccination misc Infectious and parasitic diseases Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
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topic_title	RC109-216 Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers COVID-19 HTLV-1 SARS-COV-2 spike protein Humoral immunity Vaccination
topic	misc RC109-216 misc COVID-19 misc HTLV-1 misc SARS-COV-2 spike protein misc Humoral immunity misc Vaccination misc Infectious and parasitic diseases
topic_unstemmed	misc RC109-216 misc COVID-19 misc HTLV-1 misc SARS-COV-2 spike protein misc Humoral immunity misc Vaccination misc Infectious and parasitic diseases
topic_browse	misc RC109-216 misc COVID-19 misc HTLV-1 misc SARS-COV-2 spike protein misc Humoral immunity misc Vaccination misc Infectious and parasitic diseases
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title	Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
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title_full	Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
author_sort	Takuro Kameda
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author_browse	Takuro Kameda Atae Utsunomiya Nobuaki Otsuka Yoko Kubuki Taisuke Uchida Kotaro Shide Ayako Kamiunten Nobuaki Nakano Masahito Tokunaga Takayoshi Miyazono Yoshikiyo Ito Kentaro Yonekura Toshiro Kawakita Keiichi Akizuki Yuki Tahira Masayoshi Karasawa Tomonori Hidaka Ayaka Konagata Norifumi Taniguchi Yuma Nagatomo Fumiko Kogo Koichiro Shimizu Hiroaki Ueno Junzo Ishizaki Naoya Takahashi Yoshihiko Ikei Michihiro Hidaka Hideki Yamaguchi Kazuya Shimoda
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title_sort	impaired humoral immunity following covid-19 vaccination in htlv-1 carriers
callnumber	RC109-216
title_auth	Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
abstract	Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them.
abstractGer	Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them.
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Background Whether human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers can develop sufficient humoral immunity after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is unknown. Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. Conclusions The humoral immunity after the third vaccination dose is impaired in HTLV-1 carriers; thus, customized vaccination schedules may be necessary for them.
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container_issue	1
title_short	Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers
url	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z https://doaj.org/article/fdd59268132d4c69ade668b326b96f2c https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2334
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author2	Atae Utsunomiya Nobuaki Otsuka Yoko Kubuki Taisuke Uchida Kotaro Shide Ayako Kamiunten Nobuaki Nakano Masahito Tokunaga Takayoshi Miyazono Yoshikiyo Ito Kentaro Yonekura Toshiro Kawakita Keiichi Akizuki Yuki Tahira Masayoshi Karasawa Tomonori Hidaka Ayaka Konagata Norifumi Taniguchi Yuma Nagatomo Fumiko Kogo Koichiro Shimizu Hiroaki Ueno Junzo Ishizaki Naoya Takahashi Yoshihiko Ikei Michihiro Hidaka Hideki Yamaguchi Kazuya Shimoda
author2Str	Atae Utsunomiya Nobuaki Otsuka Yoko Kubuki Taisuke Uchida Kotaro Shide Ayako Kamiunten Nobuaki Nakano Masahito Tokunaga Takayoshi Miyazono Yoshikiyo Ito Kentaro Yonekura Toshiro Kawakita Keiichi Akizuki Yuki Tahira Masayoshi Karasawa Tomonori Hidaka Ayaka Konagata Norifumi Taniguchi Yuma Nagatomo Fumiko Kogo Koichiro Shimizu Hiroaki Ueno Junzo Ishizaki Naoya Takahashi Yoshihiko Ikei Michihiro Hidaka Hideki Yamaguchi Kazuya Shimoda
ppnlink	326645381
callnumber-subject	RC - Internal Medicine
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isOA_txt	true
hochschulschrift_bool	false
doi_str	10.1186/s12879-024-09001-z
callnumber-a	RC109-216
up_date	2024-07-04T01:14:50.826Z
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Methods To investigate humoral immunity after COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers, a multicenter, prospective observational cohort study was conducted at five institutions in southwestern Japan, an endemic area for HTLV-1. HTLV-1 carriers and HTLV-1-negative controls were enrolled for this study from January to December 2022. During this period, the third dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was actively administered. HTLV-1 carriers were enrolled during outpatient visits, while HTLV-1-negative controls included health care workers and patients treated by participating institutions for diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. The main outcome was the effect of HTLV-1 infection on the plasma anti-COVID-19 spike IgG (IgG-S) titers after the third dose, assessed by multivariate linear regression with other clinical factors. Results We analyzed 181 cases (90 HTLV-1 carriers, 91 HTLV-1-negative controls) after receiving the third dose. HTLV-1 carriers were older (median age 67.0 vs. 45.0 years, p < 0.001) and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia than did HTLV-1-negative controls (60.0% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). After the third dose, the IgG-S titers decreased over time in both carriers and controls. Multivariate linear regression in the entire cohort showed that time since the third dose, age, and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. After adjusting for confounders such as age, or presence of diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia between carriers and controls using the overlap weighting propensity score method, and performing weighted regression analysis in the entire cohort, both time since the third dose and HTLV-1 infection negatively influenced IgG-S titers. 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Impaired humoral immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in HTLV-1 carriers

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