Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides
We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine t...
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| Autor*in: |
Eric Agol [verfasserIn] Caroline Dorn [verfasserIn] Simon L. Grimm [verfasserIn] Martin Turbet [verfasserIn] Elsa Ducrot [verfasserIn] Laetitia Delrez [verfasserIn] Michaël Gillon [verfasserIn] Brice-Olivier Demory [verfasserIn] Artem Burdanov [verfasserIn] Khalid Barkaoui [verfasserIn] Zouhair Benkhaldoun [verfasserIn] Emeline Bolmont [verfasserIn] Adam Burgasser [verfasserIn] Sean Carey [verfasserIn] Julien de Wit [verfasserIn] Daniel Fabrycky [verfasserIn] Daniel Foreman-Mackey [verfasserIn] Jonas Haldemann [verfasserIn] David M. Hernandez [verfasserIn] James Ingalls [verfasserIn] Emmanuel Jehin [verfasserIn] Zachary Langford [verfasserIn] Jérémy Leconte [verfasserIn] Susan M. Lederer [verfasserIn] Rodrigo Luger [verfasserIn] Renu Malhotra [verfasserIn] Victoria S. Meadows [verfasserIn] Brett M. Morris [verfasserIn] Francisco J. Pozuelos [verfasserIn] Didier Queloz [verfasserIn] Sean N. Raymond [verfasserIn] Franck Selsis [verfasserIn] Marko Sestovic [verfasserIn] Amaury H. M. J. Triaud [verfasserIn] Valerie Van Grootel [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2021 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: The Planetary Science Journal - IOP Publishing, 2021, 2(2021), 1, p 1 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:2 ; year:2021 ; number:1, p 1 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.3847/PSJ/abd022 |
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DOAJ097917184 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides |
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| 520 | |a We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Extrasolar rocky planets | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Exoplanet dynamics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Infrared photometry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Habitable planets | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transit timing variation method | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transit photometry | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Astronomy | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Caroline Dorn |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Simon L. Grimm |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Martin Turbet |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Elsa Ducrot |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Laetitia Delrez |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Michaël Gillon |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Brice-Olivier Demory |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Artem Burdanov |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Khalid Barkaoui |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Zouhair Benkhaldoun |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Emeline Bolmont |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 0 | |a Sean Carey |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 0 | |a Daniel Foreman-Mackey |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Jonas Haldemann |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a David M. Hernandez |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 0 | |a Emmanuel Jehin |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 0 | |a Jérémy Leconte |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.3847/PSJ/abd022 doi (DE-627)DOAJ097917184 (DE-599)DOAJ1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB1-991 Eric Agol verfasserin aut Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. Extrasolar rocky planets Exoplanet dynamics Infrared photometry Habitable planets Transit timing variation method Transit photometry Astronomy Caroline Dorn verfasserin aut Simon L. Grimm verfasserin aut Martin Turbet verfasserin aut Elsa Ducrot verfasserin aut Laetitia Delrez verfasserin aut Michaël Gillon verfasserin aut Brice-Olivier Demory verfasserin aut Artem Burdanov verfasserin aut Khalid Barkaoui verfasserin aut Zouhair Benkhaldoun verfasserin aut Emeline Bolmont verfasserin aut Adam Burgasser verfasserin aut Sean Carey verfasserin aut Julien de Wit verfasserin aut Daniel Fabrycky verfasserin aut Daniel Foreman-Mackey verfasserin aut Jonas Haldemann verfasserin aut David M. Hernandez verfasserin aut James Ingalls verfasserin aut Emmanuel Jehin verfasserin aut Zachary Langford verfasserin aut Jérémy Leconte verfasserin aut Susan M. Lederer verfasserin aut Rodrigo Luger verfasserin aut Renu Malhotra verfasserin aut Victoria S. Meadows verfasserin aut Brett M. Morris verfasserin aut Francisco J. Pozuelos verfasserin aut Didier Queloz verfasserin aut Sean N. Raymond verfasserin aut Franck Selsis verfasserin aut Marko Sestovic verfasserin aut Amaury H. M. J. Triaud verfasserin aut Valerie Van Grootel verfasserin aut In The Planetary Science Journal IOP Publishing, 2021 2(2021), 1, p 1 (DE-627)1697764495 (DE-600)3021068-9 26323338 nnns volume:2 year:2021 number:1, p 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2632-3338 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2021 1, p 1 |
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10.3847/PSJ/abd022 doi (DE-627)DOAJ097917184 (DE-599)DOAJ1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB1-991 Eric Agol verfasserin aut Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. Extrasolar rocky planets Exoplanet dynamics Infrared photometry Habitable planets Transit timing variation method Transit photometry Astronomy Caroline Dorn verfasserin aut Simon L. Grimm verfasserin aut Martin Turbet verfasserin aut Elsa Ducrot verfasserin aut Laetitia Delrez verfasserin aut Michaël Gillon verfasserin aut Brice-Olivier Demory verfasserin aut Artem Burdanov verfasserin aut Khalid Barkaoui verfasserin aut Zouhair Benkhaldoun verfasserin aut Emeline Bolmont verfasserin aut Adam Burgasser verfasserin aut Sean Carey verfasserin aut Julien de Wit verfasserin aut Daniel Fabrycky verfasserin aut Daniel Foreman-Mackey verfasserin aut Jonas Haldemann verfasserin aut David M. Hernandez verfasserin aut James Ingalls verfasserin aut Emmanuel Jehin verfasserin aut Zachary Langford verfasserin aut Jérémy Leconte verfasserin aut Susan M. Lederer verfasserin aut Rodrigo Luger verfasserin aut Renu Malhotra verfasserin aut Victoria S. Meadows verfasserin aut Brett M. Morris verfasserin aut Francisco J. Pozuelos verfasserin aut Didier Queloz verfasserin aut Sean N. Raymond verfasserin aut Franck Selsis verfasserin aut Marko Sestovic verfasserin aut Amaury H. M. J. Triaud verfasserin aut Valerie Van Grootel verfasserin aut In The Planetary Science Journal IOP Publishing, 2021 2(2021), 1, p 1 (DE-627)1697764495 (DE-600)3021068-9 26323338 nnns volume:2 year:2021 number:1, p 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2632-3338 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2021 1, p 1 |
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10.3847/PSJ/abd022 doi (DE-627)DOAJ097917184 (DE-599)DOAJ1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB1-991 Eric Agol verfasserin aut Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. Extrasolar rocky planets Exoplanet dynamics Infrared photometry Habitable planets Transit timing variation method Transit photometry Astronomy Caroline Dorn verfasserin aut Simon L. Grimm verfasserin aut Martin Turbet verfasserin aut Elsa Ducrot verfasserin aut Laetitia Delrez verfasserin aut Michaël Gillon verfasserin aut Brice-Olivier Demory verfasserin aut Artem Burdanov verfasserin aut Khalid Barkaoui verfasserin aut Zouhair Benkhaldoun verfasserin aut Emeline Bolmont verfasserin aut Adam Burgasser verfasserin aut Sean Carey verfasserin aut Julien de Wit verfasserin aut Daniel Fabrycky verfasserin aut Daniel Foreman-Mackey verfasserin aut Jonas Haldemann verfasserin aut David M. Hernandez verfasserin aut James Ingalls verfasserin aut Emmanuel Jehin verfasserin aut Zachary Langford verfasserin aut Jérémy Leconte verfasserin aut Susan M. Lederer verfasserin aut Rodrigo Luger verfasserin aut Renu Malhotra verfasserin aut Victoria S. Meadows verfasserin aut Brett M. Morris verfasserin aut Francisco J. Pozuelos verfasserin aut Didier Queloz verfasserin aut Sean N. Raymond verfasserin aut Franck Selsis verfasserin aut Marko Sestovic verfasserin aut Amaury H. M. J. Triaud verfasserin aut Valerie Van Grootel verfasserin aut In The Planetary Science Journal IOP Publishing, 2021 2(2021), 1, p 1 (DE-627)1697764495 (DE-600)3021068-9 26323338 nnns volume:2 year:2021 number:1, p 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2632-3338 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2021 1, p 1 |
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10.3847/PSJ/abd022 doi (DE-627)DOAJ097917184 (DE-599)DOAJ1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB1-991 Eric Agol verfasserin aut Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. Extrasolar rocky planets Exoplanet dynamics Infrared photometry Habitable planets Transit timing variation method Transit photometry Astronomy Caroline Dorn verfasserin aut Simon L. Grimm verfasserin aut Martin Turbet verfasserin aut Elsa Ducrot verfasserin aut Laetitia Delrez verfasserin aut Michaël Gillon verfasserin aut Brice-Olivier Demory verfasserin aut Artem Burdanov verfasserin aut Khalid Barkaoui verfasserin aut Zouhair Benkhaldoun verfasserin aut Emeline Bolmont verfasserin aut Adam Burgasser verfasserin aut Sean Carey verfasserin aut Julien de Wit verfasserin aut Daniel Fabrycky verfasserin aut Daniel Foreman-Mackey verfasserin aut Jonas Haldemann verfasserin aut David M. Hernandez verfasserin aut James Ingalls verfasserin aut Emmanuel Jehin verfasserin aut Zachary Langford verfasserin aut Jérémy Leconte verfasserin aut Susan M. Lederer verfasserin aut Rodrigo Luger verfasserin aut Renu Malhotra verfasserin aut Victoria S. Meadows verfasserin aut Brett M. Morris verfasserin aut Francisco J. Pozuelos verfasserin aut Didier Queloz verfasserin aut Sean N. Raymond verfasserin aut Franck Selsis verfasserin aut Marko Sestovic verfasserin aut Amaury H. M. J. Triaud verfasserin aut Valerie Van Grootel verfasserin aut In The Planetary Science Journal IOP Publishing, 2021 2(2021), 1, p 1 (DE-627)1697764495 (DE-600)3021068-9 26323338 nnns volume:2 year:2021 number:1, p 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2632-3338 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2021 1, p 1 |
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10.3847/PSJ/abd022 doi (DE-627)DOAJ097917184 (DE-599)DOAJ1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng QB1-991 Eric Agol verfasserin aut Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. Extrasolar rocky planets Exoplanet dynamics Infrared photometry Habitable planets Transit timing variation method Transit photometry Astronomy Caroline Dorn verfasserin aut Simon L. Grimm verfasserin aut Martin Turbet verfasserin aut Elsa Ducrot verfasserin aut Laetitia Delrez verfasserin aut Michaël Gillon verfasserin aut Brice-Olivier Demory verfasserin aut Artem Burdanov verfasserin aut Khalid Barkaoui verfasserin aut Zouhair Benkhaldoun verfasserin aut Emeline Bolmont verfasserin aut Adam Burgasser verfasserin aut Sean Carey verfasserin aut Julien de Wit verfasserin aut Daniel Fabrycky verfasserin aut Daniel Foreman-Mackey verfasserin aut Jonas Haldemann verfasserin aut David M. Hernandez verfasserin aut James Ingalls verfasserin aut Emmanuel Jehin verfasserin aut Zachary Langford verfasserin aut Jérémy Leconte verfasserin aut Susan M. Lederer verfasserin aut Rodrigo Luger verfasserin aut Renu Malhotra verfasserin aut Victoria S. Meadows verfasserin aut Brett M. Morris verfasserin aut Francisco J. Pozuelos verfasserin aut Didier Queloz verfasserin aut Sean N. Raymond verfasserin aut Franck Selsis verfasserin aut Marko Sestovic verfasserin aut Amaury H. M. J. Triaud verfasserin aut Valerie Van Grootel verfasserin aut In The Planetary Science Journal IOP Publishing, 2021 2(2021), 1, p 1 (DE-627)1697764495 (DE-600)3021068-9 26323338 nnns volume:2 year:2021 number:1, p 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/1851cb4eb5c443c383b21039f9ea104a kostenfrei https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/abd022 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2632-3338 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 2 2021 1, p 1 |
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Eric Agol @@aut@@ Caroline Dorn @@aut@@ Simon L. Grimm @@aut@@ Martin Turbet @@aut@@ Elsa Ducrot @@aut@@ Laetitia Delrez @@aut@@ Michaël Gillon @@aut@@ Brice-Olivier Demory @@aut@@ Artem Burdanov @@aut@@ Khalid Barkaoui @@aut@@ Zouhair Benkhaldoun @@aut@@ Emeline Bolmont @@aut@@ Adam Burgasser @@aut@@ Sean Carey @@aut@@ Julien de Wit @@aut@@ Daniel Fabrycky @@aut@@ Daniel Foreman-Mackey @@aut@@ Jonas Haldemann @@aut@@ David M. Hernandez @@aut@@ James Ingalls @@aut@@ Emmanuel Jehin @@aut@@ Zachary Langford @@aut@@ Jérémy Leconte @@aut@@ Susan M. Lederer @@aut@@ Rodrigo Luger @@aut@@ Renu Malhotra @@aut@@ Victoria S. Meadows @@aut@@ Brett M. Morris @@aut@@ Francisco J. Pozuelos @@aut@@ Didier Queloz @@aut@@ Sean N. Raymond @@aut@@ Franck Selsis @@aut@@ Marko Sestovic @@aut@@ Amaury H. M. J. Triaud @@aut@@ Valerie Van Grootel @@aut@@ |
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refining the transit-timing and photometric analysis of trappist-1: masses, radii, densities, dynamics, and ephemerides |
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Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides |
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We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. |
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We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
We have collected transit times for the TRAPPIST-1 system with the Spitzer Space Telescope over four years. We add to these ground-based, HST, and K2 transit-time measurements, and revisit an N -body dynamical analysis of the seven-planet system using our complete set of times from which we refine the mass ratios of the planets to the star. We next carry out a photodynamical analysis of the Spitzer light curves to derive the density of the host star and the planet densities. We find that all seven planets’ densities may be described with a single rocky mass–radius relation which is depleted in iron relative to Earth, with Fe 21 wt% versus 32 wt% for Earth, and otherwise Earth-like in composition. Alternatively, the planets may have an Earth-like composition but enhanced in light elements, such as a surface water layer or a core-free structure with oxidized iron in the mantle. We measure planet masses to a precision of 3%–5%, equivalent to a radial-velocity (RV) precision of 2.5 cm s ^−1 , or two orders of magnitude more precise than current RV capabilities. We find the eccentricities of the planets are very small, the orbits are extremely coplanar, and the system is stable on 10 Myr timescales. We find evidence of infrequent timing outliers, which we cannot explain with an eighth planet; we instead account for the outliers using a robust likelihood function. We forecast JWST timing observations and speculate on possible implications of the planet densities for the formation, migration, and evolution of the planet system. |
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Refining the Transit-timing and Photometric Analysis of TRAPPIST-1: Masses, Radii, Densities, Dynamics, and Ephemerides |
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