Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021
Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Matilda N. Kamara [verfasserIn] Sulaiman Lakoh [verfasserIn] Christiana Kallon [verfasserIn] Joseph Sam Kanu [verfasserIn] Rugiatu Z. Kamara [verfasserIn] Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara [verfasserIn] Matilda Mattu Moiwo [verfasserIn] Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi [verfasserIn] Olukemi Adekanmbi [verfasserIn] Marcel Manzi [verfasserIn] Bobson Derrick Fofanah [verfasserIn] Hemant Deepak Shewade [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
|---|---|
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease - MDPI AG, 2017, 8(2023), 11, p 486 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:8 ; year:2023 ; number:11, p 486 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 |
|---|
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DOAJ101181701 |
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10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101181701 (DE-599)DOAJ983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matilda N. Kamara verfasserin aut Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) infection prevention and control (IPC) Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT) hand hygiene training IPC in hospital Medicine R Sulaiman Lakoh verfasserin aut Christiana Kallon verfasserin aut Joseph Sam Kanu verfasserin aut Rugiatu Z. Kamara verfasserin aut Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara verfasserin aut Matilda Mattu Moiwo verfasserin aut Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi verfasserin aut Olukemi Adekanmbi verfasserin aut Marcel Manzi verfasserin aut Bobson Derrick Fofanah verfasserin aut Hemant Deepak Shewade verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 8(2023), 11, p 486 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:8 year:2023 number:11, p 486 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/11/486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2023 11, p 486 |
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10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101181701 (DE-599)DOAJ983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matilda N. Kamara verfasserin aut Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) infection prevention and control (IPC) Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT) hand hygiene training IPC in hospital Medicine R Sulaiman Lakoh verfasserin aut Christiana Kallon verfasserin aut Joseph Sam Kanu verfasserin aut Rugiatu Z. Kamara verfasserin aut Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara verfasserin aut Matilda Mattu Moiwo verfasserin aut Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi verfasserin aut Olukemi Adekanmbi verfasserin aut Marcel Manzi verfasserin aut Bobson Derrick Fofanah verfasserin aut Hemant Deepak Shewade verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 8(2023), 11, p 486 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:8 year:2023 number:11, p 486 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/11/486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2023 11, p 486 |
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10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101181701 (DE-599)DOAJ983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matilda N. Kamara verfasserin aut Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) infection prevention and control (IPC) Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT) hand hygiene training IPC in hospital Medicine R Sulaiman Lakoh verfasserin aut Christiana Kallon verfasserin aut Joseph Sam Kanu verfasserin aut Rugiatu Z. Kamara verfasserin aut Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara verfasserin aut Matilda Mattu Moiwo verfasserin aut Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi verfasserin aut Olukemi Adekanmbi verfasserin aut Marcel Manzi verfasserin aut Bobson Derrick Fofanah verfasserin aut Hemant Deepak Shewade verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 8(2023), 11, p 486 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:8 year:2023 number:11, p 486 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/11/486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2023 11, p 486 |
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10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101181701 (DE-599)DOAJ983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matilda N. Kamara verfasserin aut Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) infection prevention and control (IPC) Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT) hand hygiene training IPC in hospital Medicine R Sulaiman Lakoh verfasserin aut Christiana Kallon verfasserin aut Joseph Sam Kanu verfasserin aut Rugiatu Z. Kamara verfasserin aut Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara verfasserin aut Matilda Mattu Moiwo verfasserin aut Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi verfasserin aut Olukemi Adekanmbi verfasserin aut Marcel Manzi verfasserin aut Bobson Derrick Fofanah verfasserin aut Hemant Deepak Shewade verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 8(2023), 11, p 486 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:8 year:2023 number:11, p 486 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/11/486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2023 11, p 486 |
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10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101181701 (DE-599)DOAJ983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Matilda N. Kamara verfasserin aut Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) infection prevention and control (IPC) Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT) hand hygiene training IPC in hospital Medicine R Sulaiman Lakoh verfasserin aut Christiana Kallon verfasserin aut Joseph Sam Kanu verfasserin aut Rugiatu Z. Kamara verfasserin aut Ibrahim Franklyn Kamara verfasserin aut Matilda Mattu Moiwo verfasserin aut Satta S. T. K. Kpagoi verfasserin aut Olukemi Adekanmbi verfasserin aut Marcel Manzi verfasserin aut Bobson Derrick Fofanah verfasserin aut Hemant Deepak Shewade verfasserin aut In Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease MDPI AG, 2017 8(2023), 11, p 486 (DE-627)102556488X 24146366 nnns volume:8 year:2023 number:11, p 486 https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8110486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/983747e9828140f69591032b2e38db4d kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/11/486 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2414-6366 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 8 2023 11, p 486 |
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Hand Hygiene Practices and Promotion in Public Hospitals in Western Sierra Leone: Changes Following Operational Research in 2021 |
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Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. |
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Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. |
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Hand hygiene is the most important intervention for preventing healthcare-associated infections and can reduce preventable morbidity and mortality. We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion. |
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We described the changes in hand hygiene practices and promotion in 13 public hospitals (six secondary and seven tertiary) in the Western Area of Sierra Leone following the implementation of recommendations from an operational research study. This was a “before and after” observational study involving two routine cross-sectional assessments using the WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool. The overall mean HHSAF score changed from 273 in May 2021 to 278 in April 2023; it decreased from 278 to 250 for secondary hospitals but increased from 263 to 303 for tertiary hospitals. The overall mean HHSAF score and that of the tertiary hospitals remained at the “intermediate” level, while secondary hospitals declined from “intermediate” to “basic” level. The mean score increased for the “system change” and “institutional safety climate” domains, decreased for “training and education” and “reminders in the workplace” domains, and remained the same for the “evaluation and feedback” domain. Limited resources for hand hygiene promotion, lack of budgetary support, and formalized patient engagement programs are the persistent gaps that should be addressed to improve hand hygiene practices and promotion.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">infection prevention and control (IPC)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Structured Operational Research Training Initiative (SORT IT)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">hand hygiene training</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">IPC in hospital</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Medicine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">R</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sulaiman Lakoh</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Christiana Kallon</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Joseph Sam Kanu</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rugiatu Z. 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