A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics

In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular s...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Abdullah Abdullah [verfasserIn] Syed Imran Hussain Shah [verfasserIn] Sakobyly Kiv [verfasserIn] Jinwoo Ho [verfasserIn] Sungjoon Lim [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna

Übergeordnetes Werk:	In: Micromachines - MDPI AG, 2010, 14(2023), 11, p 2052
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2023 ; number:11, p 2052

Links:	Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Link aufrufen Journal toc

DOI / URN:	10.3390/mi14112052

Katalog-ID:	DOAJ101212143

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520			\|a In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics.
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allfields	10.3390/mi14112052 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101212143 (DE-599)DOAJ8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TJ1-1570 Abdullah Abdullah verfasserin aut A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics. transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery Syed Imran Hussain Shah verfasserin aut Sakobyly Kiv verfasserin aut Jinwoo Ho verfasserin aut Sungjoon Lim verfasserin aut In Micromachines MDPI AG, 2010 14(2023), 11, p 2052 (DE-627)665016069 (DE-600)2620864-7 2072666X nnns volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2023 11, p 2052
spelling	10.3390/mi14112052 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101212143 (DE-599)DOAJ8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TJ1-1570 Abdullah Abdullah verfasserin aut A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics. transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery Syed Imran Hussain Shah verfasserin aut Sakobyly Kiv verfasserin aut Jinwoo Ho verfasserin aut Sungjoon Lim verfasserin aut In Micromachines MDPI AG, 2010 14(2023), 11, p 2052 (DE-627)665016069 (DE-600)2620864-7 2072666X nnns volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2023 11, p 2052
allfields_unstemmed	10.3390/mi14112052 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101212143 (DE-599)DOAJ8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TJ1-1570 Abdullah Abdullah verfasserin aut A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics. transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery Syed Imran Hussain Shah verfasserin aut Sakobyly Kiv verfasserin aut Jinwoo Ho verfasserin aut Sungjoon Lim verfasserin aut In Micromachines MDPI AG, 2010 14(2023), 11, p 2052 (DE-627)665016069 (DE-600)2620864-7 2072666X nnns volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2023 11, p 2052
allfieldsGer	10.3390/mi14112052 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101212143 (DE-599)DOAJ8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TJ1-1570 Abdullah Abdullah verfasserin aut A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics. transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery Syed Imran Hussain Shah verfasserin aut Sakobyly Kiv verfasserin aut Jinwoo Ho verfasserin aut Sungjoon Lim verfasserin aut In Micromachines MDPI AG, 2010 14(2023), 11, p 2052 (DE-627)665016069 (DE-600)2620864-7 2072666X nnns volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2023 11, p 2052
allfieldsSound	10.3390/mi14112052 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101212143 (DE-599)DOAJ8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng TJ1-1570 Abdullah Abdullah verfasserin aut A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics. transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery Syed Imran Hussain Shah verfasserin aut Sakobyly Kiv verfasserin aut Jinwoo Ho verfasserin aut Sungjoon Lim verfasserin aut In Micromachines MDPI AG, 2010 14(2023), 11, p 2052 (DE-627)665016069 (DE-600)2620864-7 2072666X nnns volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2023 11, p 2052
language	English
source	In Micromachines 14(2023), 11, p 2052 volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052
sourceStr	In Micromachines 14(2023), 11, p 2052 volume:14 year:2023 number:11, p 2052
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna Mechanical engineering and machinery
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container_title	Micromachines
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Abdullah Abdullah @@aut@@ Syed Imran Hussain Shah @@aut@@ Sakobyly Kiv @@aut@@ Jinwoo Ho @@aut@@ Sungjoon Lim @@aut@@
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callnumber-first	T - Technology
author	Abdullah Abdullah
spellingShingle	Abdullah Abdullah misc TJ1-1570 misc transparent antennas misc water-based antenna misc wideband antenna misc frequency reconfigurable antenna misc Mechanical engineering and machinery A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics
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topic_title	TJ1-1570 A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics transparent antennas water-based antenna wideband antenna frequency reconfigurable antenna
topic	misc TJ1-1570 misc transparent antennas misc water-based antenna misc wideband antenna misc frequency reconfigurable antenna misc Mechanical engineering and machinery
topic_unstemmed	misc TJ1-1570 misc transparent antennas misc water-based antenna misc wideband antenna misc frequency reconfigurable antenna misc Mechanical engineering and machinery
topic_browse	misc TJ1-1570 misc transparent antennas misc water-based antenna misc wideband antenna misc frequency reconfigurable antenna misc Mechanical engineering and machinery
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title	A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics
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title_full	A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics
author_sort	Abdullah Abdullah
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author_browse	Abdullah Abdullah Syed Imran Hussain Shah Sakobyly Kiv Jinwoo Ho Sungjoon Lim
container_volume	14
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author-letter	Abdullah Abdullah
doi_str_mv	10.3390/mi14112052
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title_sort	low-cost microfluidic and optically transparent water antenna with frequency-tuning characteristics
callnumber	TJ1-1570
title_auth	A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics
abstract	In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics.
abstractGer	In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics.
abstract_unstemmed	In this study, a novel microfluidic frequency reconfigurable and optically transparent water antenna is designed using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. The proposed antenna consists of three distinct parts, including a circularly shaped distilled water ground, a sea water-based circular segmented radiator, and a circularly shaped distilled water-based load, all ingeniously constructed from transparent resin material. The presented antenna is excited by a disk-loaded probe. The frequency of the antenna can be easily tuned by filling and emptying/evacuating sea water from the multisegmented radiator. The radiator consists of three segments with different radii, and each segment has a different resonant frequency. When the radiator is filled, the antenna resonates at the frequency of the segment that is filled. When all the radiator segments are filled, the antenna operates at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz and possesses an impedance bandwidth of 1.05 GHz (40%) in the range of 2.10–3.15 GHz. By filling different radiator segments, the frequency could be tuned from 2.4 to 2.6 GHz. In addition to the frequency-switching characteristics, the proposed antenna exhibits high simulated radiation efficiency (with a peak performance reaching 95%) and attains a maximum realized gain of 3.8 dBi at 2.9 GHz. The proposed antenna integrates water as its predominant constituent, which is easily available, thereby achieving cost-effectiveness, compactness, and transparency characteristics; it also has the potential to be utilized in future applications, involving transparent and flexible electronics.
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container_issue	11, p 2052
title_short	A Low-Cost Microfluidic and Optically Transparent Water Antenna with Frequency-Tuning Characteristics
url	https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14112052 https://doaj.org/article/8f27a9910f9c40daa5c287c2f3584dc2 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2052 https://doaj.org/toc/2072-666X
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author2	Syed Imran Hussain Shah Sakobyly Kiv Jinwoo Ho Sungjoon Lim
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up_date	2024-07-03T19:19:01.194Z
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