Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis
Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and mater...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Christoph Linhart [verfasserIn] Dirk Mehrens [verfasserIn] Luca Maximilian Gellert [verfasserIn] Christian Ehrnthaller [verfasserIn] Johannes Gleich [verfasserIn] Christopher Lampert [verfasserIn] Maximilian Lerchenberger [verfasserIn] Wolfgang Böcker [verfasserIn] Carl Neuerburg [verfasserIn] Yunjie Zhang [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2023 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
In: Journal of Clinical Medicine - MDPI AG, 2013, 12(2023), 22, p 6966 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:12 ; year:2023 ; number:22, p 6966 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.3390/jcm12226966 |
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Katalog-ID: |
DOAJ101230990 |
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10.3390/jcm12226966 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101230990 (DE-599)DOAJ01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Christoph Linhart verfasserin aut Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma Medicine R Dirk Mehrens verfasserin aut Luca Maximilian Gellert verfasserin aut Christian Ehrnthaller verfasserin aut Johannes Gleich verfasserin aut Christopher Lampert verfasserin aut Maximilian Lerchenberger verfasserin aut Wolfgang Böcker verfasserin aut Carl Neuerburg verfasserin aut Yunjie Zhang verfasserin aut In Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 22, p 6966 (DE-627)718632478 (DE-600)2662592-1 20770383 nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:22, p 6966 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/22/6966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 22, p 6966 |
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10.3390/jcm12226966 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101230990 (DE-599)DOAJ01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Christoph Linhart verfasserin aut Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma Medicine R Dirk Mehrens verfasserin aut Luca Maximilian Gellert verfasserin aut Christian Ehrnthaller verfasserin aut Johannes Gleich verfasserin aut Christopher Lampert verfasserin aut Maximilian Lerchenberger verfasserin aut Wolfgang Böcker verfasserin aut Carl Neuerburg verfasserin aut Yunjie Zhang verfasserin aut In Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 22, p 6966 (DE-627)718632478 (DE-600)2662592-1 20770383 nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:22, p 6966 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/22/6966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 22, p 6966 |
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10.3390/jcm12226966 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101230990 (DE-599)DOAJ01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Christoph Linhart verfasserin aut Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma Medicine R Dirk Mehrens verfasserin aut Luca Maximilian Gellert verfasserin aut Christian Ehrnthaller verfasserin aut Johannes Gleich verfasserin aut Christopher Lampert verfasserin aut Maximilian Lerchenberger verfasserin aut Wolfgang Böcker verfasserin aut Carl Neuerburg verfasserin aut Yunjie Zhang verfasserin aut In Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 22, p 6966 (DE-627)718632478 (DE-600)2662592-1 20770383 nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:22, p 6966 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/22/6966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 22, p 6966 |
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10.3390/jcm12226966 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101230990 (DE-599)DOAJ01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Christoph Linhart verfasserin aut Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma Medicine R Dirk Mehrens verfasserin aut Luca Maximilian Gellert verfasserin aut Christian Ehrnthaller verfasserin aut Johannes Gleich verfasserin aut Christopher Lampert verfasserin aut Maximilian Lerchenberger verfasserin aut Wolfgang Böcker verfasserin aut Carl Neuerburg verfasserin aut Yunjie Zhang verfasserin aut In Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 22, p 6966 (DE-627)718632478 (DE-600)2662592-1 20770383 nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:22, p 6966 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/22/6966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 22, p 6966 |
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10.3390/jcm12226966 doi (DE-627)DOAJ101230990 (DE-599)DOAJ01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Christoph Linhart verfasserin aut Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma Medicine R Dirk Mehrens verfasserin aut Luca Maximilian Gellert verfasserin aut Christian Ehrnthaller verfasserin aut Johannes Gleich verfasserin aut Christopher Lampert verfasserin aut Maximilian Lerchenberger verfasserin aut Wolfgang Böcker verfasserin aut Carl Neuerburg verfasserin aut Yunjie Zhang verfasserin aut In Journal of Clinical Medicine MDPI AG, 2013 12(2023), 22, p 6966 (DE-627)718632478 (DE-600)2662592-1 20770383 nnns volume:12 year:2023 number:22, p 6966 https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12226966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/article/01aece1dd5a5437fb5a002c4435b7063 kostenfrei https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/12/22/6966 kostenfrei https://doaj.org/toc/2077-0383 Journal toc kostenfrei GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_DOAJ GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2023 22, p 6966 |
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Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis muscle fatty atrophy FFP geriatric trauma |
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gluteal muscle fatty atrophy: an independent risk factor for surgical treatment in elderly patients diagnosed with type-iii fragility fractures of the pelvis |
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Gluteal Muscle Fatty Atrophy: An Independent Risk Factor for Surgical Treatment in Elderly Patients Diagnosed with Type-III Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis |
abstract |
Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. |
abstractGer |
Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Background: Gluteal muscle fatty atrophy (gMFA) might impair pelvic stability and negatively influence remobilization in patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP). This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. Besides focusing on the fracture pattern, the further evaluation of gMFA could be a feasible parameter for decision making toward either conservative or surgical treatment of type-III FFP. |
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This study aimed to investigate the association between gMFA and surgical indication in patients with FFP. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of 429 patients (age ≥80) diagnosed with FFP was performed. gMFA of the gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus was evaluated using a standard scoring system based on computer tomography images. Results: No significant difference was found in gMFA between genders or among FFP types. The severity of gMFA did not correlate with age. The severity of gMFA in the gluteus medius was significantly greater than in the gluteus maximus, whereas the most profound gMFA was found in the gluteus minimus. gMFA was significantly more severe in patients who underwent an operation than in conservatively treated patients with type-III FFP, and an independent correlation to surgical indication was found using logistic regression. Conclusion: Our findings imply that gMFA is an independent factor for surgical treatment in patients with type-III FFP. 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