Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone

The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavi...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Park, Chang Sup [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Computers in human behavior - Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985, 93, Seite 123-128
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:93 ; pages:123-128

DOI / URN:	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022

Katalog-ID:	ELV001460048

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520			\|a The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone.
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publishDate	2018
allfields	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 doi (DE-627)ELV001460048 (ELSEVIER)S0747-5632(18)30608-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 004 150 300 DE-600 Park, Chang Sup verfasserin (orcid)0000-0001-5626-0758 aut Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone 2018 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout Enthalten in Computers in human behavior Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985 93, Seite 123-128 Online-Ressource (DE-627)319508544 (DE-600)2001911-7 (DE-576)259271136 0747-5632 nnns volume:93 pages:123-128 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 AR 93 123-128
spelling	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 doi (DE-627)ELV001460048 (ELSEVIER)S0747-5632(18)30608-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 004 150 300 DE-600 Park, Chang Sup verfasserin (orcid)0000-0001-5626-0758 aut Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone 2018 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout Enthalten in Computers in human behavior Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985 93, Seite 123-128 Online-Ressource (DE-627)319508544 (DE-600)2001911-7 (DE-576)259271136 0747-5632 nnns volume:93 pages:123-128 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 AR 93 123-128
allfields_unstemmed	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 doi (DE-627)ELV001460048 (ELSEVIER)S0747-5632(18)30608-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 004 150 300 DE-600 Park, Chang Sup verfasserin (orcid)0000-0001-5626-0758 aut Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone 2018 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout Enthalten in Computers in human behavior Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985 93, Seite 123-128 Online-Ressource (DE-627)319508544 (DE-600)2001911-7 (DE-576)259271136 0747-5632 nnns volume:93 pages:123-128 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 AR 93 123-128
allfieldsGer	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 doi (DE-627)ELV001460048 (ELSEVIER)S0747-5632(18)30608-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 004 150 300 DE-600 Park, Chang Sup verfasserin (orcid)0000-0001-5626-0758 aut Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone 2018 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout Enthalten in Computers in human behavior Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985 93, Seite 123-128 Online-Ressource (DE-627)319508544 (DE-600)2001911-7 (DE-576)259271136 0747-5632 nnns volume:93 pages:123-128 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 AR 93 123-128
allfieldsSound	10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.022 doi (DE-627)ELV001460048 (ELSEVIER)S0747-5632(18)30608-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 004 150 300 DE-600 Park, Chang Sup verfasserin (orcid)0000-0001-5626-0758 aut Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone 2018 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone. Smartphone dependence Functional dependence Existential dependence Communication blackout Enthalten in Computers in human behavior Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1985 93, Seite 123-128 Online-Ressource (DE-627)319508544 (DE-600)2001911-7 (DE-576)259271136 0747-5632 nnns volume:93 pages:123-128 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 AR 93 123-128
language	English
source	Enthalten in Computers in human behavior 93, Seite 123-128 volume:93 pages:123-128
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author	Park, Chang Sup
spellingShingle	Park, Chang Sup ddc 004 misc Smartphone dependence misc Functional dependence misc Existential dependence misc Communication blackout Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
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topic	ddc 004 misc Smartphone dependence misc Functional dependence misc Existential dependence misc Communication blackout
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title	Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
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title_full	Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
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title_sort	examination of smartphone dependence: functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
title_auth	Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
abstract	The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone.
abstractGer	The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone.
abstract_unstemmed	The smartphone, through its small size, ease of use, proliferation of free or cheap apps, and constant connectivity, changes our life in a way that goes well beyond what we experienced with previous media. This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. Smartphone users, regardless of their types of dependence, denied that they were addicted to the smartphone.
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title_short	Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone
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up_date	2024-07-06T21:26:55.138Z
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This study examined smartphone users' perception and evaluation of their dependent behavior during the 2014 communication blackout (March 20) that lasted 6 h in South Korea. Based on the interviews with 70 smartphone users between March 22 and March 30, 2014, this study identified two types of dependence – functional dependence which stresses instrumental usefulness of the smartphone and existential dependence which focuses on obsessed, often unconscious, attachment to the smartphone. Although the two types of dependence may overlap each other, those who perceive existential dependence were more reluctant in acknowledging negative aspects of smartphone use than those who perceive functional dependence. In addition, functionally dependent users were more willing to change their dependent behaviors than existentially dependent people. 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Examination of smartphone dependence: Functionally and existentially dependent behavior on the smartphone

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