Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons

Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these m...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Johnson, B.C. [verfasserIn] Milliken, R.E. [verfasserIn] Lewis, K.W. [verfasserIn] Collins, G.S. [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Icarus - Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962, 366
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:366

DOI / URN:	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539

Katalog-ID:	ELV00613324X

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author_variant	b j bj r m rm k l kl g c gc
matchkey_str	article:00191035:2021----::mateeaeprstiglcaeadmlctosoteestosdmn
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allfields	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539 doi (DE-627)ELV00613324X (ELSEVIER)S0019-1035(21)00212-8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Johnson, B.C. verfasserin aut Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons 2021 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment. Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater Milliken, R.E. verfasserin aut Lewis, K.W. verfasserin aut Collins, G.S. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Icarus Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962 366 Online-Ressource (DE-627)266881521 (DE-600)1467991-7 (DE-576)104193743 0019-1035 nnns volume:366 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV SSG-OPC-AST GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 39.50 Sonnensystem: Allgemeines AR 366
spelling	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539 doi (DE-627)ELV00613324X (ELSEVIER)S0019-1035(21)00212-8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Johnson, B.C. verfasserin aut Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons 2021 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment. Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater Milliken, R.E. verfasserin aut Lewis, K.W. verfasserin aut Collins, G.S. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Icarus Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962 366 Online-Ressource (DE-627)266881521 (DE-600)1467991-7 (DE-576)104193743 0019-1035 nnns volume:366 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV SSG-OPC-AST GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 39.50 Sonnensystem: Allgemeines AR 366
allfields_unstemmed	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539 doi (DE-627)ELV00613324X (ELSEVIER)S0019-1035(21)00212-8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Johnson, B.C. verfasserin aut Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons 2021 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment. Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater Milliken, R.E. verfasserin aut Lewis, K.W. verfasserin aut Collins, G.S. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Icarus Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962 366 Online-Ressource (DE-627)266881521 (DE-600)1467991-7 (DE-576)104193743 0019-1035 nnns volume:366 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV SSG-OPC-AST GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 39.50 Sonnensystem: Allgemeines AR 366
allfieldsGer	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539 doi (DE-627)ELV00613324X (ELSEVIER)S0019-1035(21)00212-8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Johnson, B.C. verfasserin aut Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons 2021 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment. Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater Milliken, R.E. verfasserin aut Lewis, K.W. verfasserin aut Collins, G.S. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Icarus Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962 366 Online-Ressource (DE-627)266881521 (DE-600)1467991-7 (DE-576)104193743 0019-1035 nnns volume:366 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV SSG-OPC-AST GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 39.50 Sonnensystem: Allgemeines AR 366
allfieldsSound	10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114539 doi (DE-627)ELV00613324X (ELSEVIER)S0019-1035(21)00212-8 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Johnson, B.C. verfasserin aut Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons 2021 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment. Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater Milliken, R.E. verfasserin aut Lewis, K.W. verfasserin aut Collins, G.S. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Icarus Orlando, Fla. : Academ. Press, 1962 366 Online-Ressource (DE-627)266881521 (DE-600)1467991-7 (DE-576)104193743 0019-1035 nnns volume:366 GBV_USEFLAG_U SYSFLAG_U GBV_ELV SSG-OPC-AST GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 39.50 Sonnensystem: Allgemeines AR 366
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topic_title	520 530 DE-600 39.50 bkl Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons Impact cratering Mars Gravity Gale crater
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title	Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons
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title_full	Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons
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title_sort	impact generated porosity in gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower aeolis mons
title_auth	Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons
abstract	Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment.
abstractGer	Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment.
abstract_unstemmed	Sedimentary rocks in Gale crater record important information about the climatic history and evolution of Mars. Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. These revised densities increase the maximum potential burial depth of rocks along the rover traverse, allowing for the possibility Gale crater may once have been filled with sediment.
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title_short	Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons
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Recent gravity measurements and modeling indicate strata encountered by the Curiosity rover have a very low density (1680 ± 180 kg m−3) and thus unusually high porosity. Missing in these models, however, is the role of deeper crustal porosity on the observed gravity signatures. Here we simulate the impact formation of Gale crater and find that impact generated porosity results in a negative gravity anomaly that decreases in magnitude with distance from the basin center. Incorporating this expected post-impact gravity signature into models for the bulk density of strata in lower Mt. Sharp, we find a best-fit density of 2300 ± 130 kg m−3 for an impact into a target with no pre-impact porosity. Models incorporating pre-impact porosity result in densities that are up to 200 kg/m3 lower. 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Impact generated porosity in Gale crater and implications for the density of sedimentary rocks in lower Aeolis Mons

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