Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems
Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but th...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Sun, Bin [verfasserIn] Xu, Xinjie [verfasserIn] Yang, Di [verfasserIn] Li, Hongwei [verfasserIn] |
|---|
| Format: |
E-Artikel |
|---|---|
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
Direct absorption solar collector |
|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Applied thermal engineering - Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1996, 230 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:230 |
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120786 |
|---|
| Katalog-ID: |
ELV010374329 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems |
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| 520 | |a Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Nanofluids | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Direct absorption solar collector | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Photothermal conversion performance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Solar collector efficiency | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Yang, Di |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Li, Hongwei |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120786 doi (DE-627)ELV010374329 (ELSEVIER)S1359-4311(23)00815-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 690 VZ 52.43 bkl 52.52 bkl 52.42 bkl 50.38 bkl Sun, Bin verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-0217-9377 aut Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency Xu, Xinjie verfasserin aut Yang, Di verfasserin aut Li, Hongwei verfasserin aut Enthalten in Applied thermal engineering Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1996 230 Online-Ressource (DE-627)320594122 (DE-600)2019322-1 (DE-576)256146322 1359-4311 nnns volume:230 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 52.43 Kältetechnik VZ 52.52 Thermische Energieerzeugung Wärmetechnik VZ 52.42 Heizungstechnik Lüftungstechnik Klimatechnik VZ 50.38 Technische Thermodynamik VZ AR 230 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120786 doi (DE-627)ELV010374329 (ELSEVIER)S1359-4311(23)00815-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 690 VZ 52.43 bkl 52.52 bkl 52.42 bkl 50.38 bkl Sun, Bin verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-0217-9377 aut Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency Xu, Xinjie verfasserin aut Yang, Di verfasserin aut Li, Hongwei verfasserin aut Enthalten in Applied thermal engineering Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1996 230 Online-Ressource (DE-627)320594122 (DE-600)2019322-1 (DE-576)256146322 1359-4311 nnns volume:230 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 52.43 Kältetechnik VZ 52.52 Thermische Energieerzeugung Wärmetechnik VZ 52.42 Heizungstechnik Lüftungstechnik Klimatechnik VZ 50.38 Technische Thermodynamik VZ AR 230 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120786 doi (DE-627)ELV010374329 (ELSEVIER)S1359-4311(23)00815-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 690 VZ 52.43 bkl 52.52 bkl 52.42 bkl 50.38 bkl Sun, Bin verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-0217-9377 aut Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency Xu, Xinjie verfasserin aut Yang, Di verfasserin aut Li, Hongwei verfasserin aut Enthalten in Applied thermal engineering Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1996 230 Online-Ressource (DE-627)320594122 (DE-600)2019322-1 (DE-576)256146322 1359-4311 nnns volume:230 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 52.43 Kältetechnik VZ 52.52 Thermische Energieerzeugung Wärmetechnik VZ 52.42 Heizungstechnik Lüftungstechnik Klimatechnik VZ 50.38 Technische Thermodynamik VZ AR 230 |
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10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120786 doi (DE-627)ELV010374329 (ELSEVIER)S1359-4311(23)00815-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 690 VZ 52.43 bkl 52.52 bkl 52.42 bkl 50.38 bkl Sun, Bin verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-0217-9377 aut Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency Xu, Xinjie verfasserin aut Yang, Di verfasserin aut Li, Hongwei verfasserin aut Enthalten in Applied thermal engineering Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier Science, 1996 230 Online-Ressource (DE-627)320594122 (DE-600)2019322-1 (DE-576)256146322 1359-4311 nnns volume:230 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 52.43 Kältetechnik VZ 52.52 Thermische Energieerzeugung Wärmetechnik VZ 52.42 Heizungstechnik Lüftungstechnik Klimatechnik VZ 50.38 Technische Thermodynamik VZ AR 230 |
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Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency |
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Applied thermal engineering |
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| author |
Sun, Bin |
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690 VZ 52.43 bkl 52.52 bkl 52.42 bkl 50.38 bkl Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems Nanofluids Direct absorption solar collector Photothermal conversion performance Solar collector efficiency |
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Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems |
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experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of mwcnt-dw/eg nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems |
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Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems |
| abstract |
Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. |
| abstractGer |
Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Solar collector is the core equipment of solar solar thermal utilization system, but its efficiency of solar thermal conversion is low, and it has not yet met the needs of practical applications.Direct absorption solar collector (DASC) serves as a promising technology to harvest solar energy, but the performance of DASCs is largely affected by the working liquid. In this paper, the effects of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid mass fraction, pH value, mass velocity and liquid level height on the stability, optical properties, thermal conductivity and the performance of direct absorption solar thermal conversion were investigated. The potential of MWCNT nanofluid for direct absorption solar collector was evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the 0.01 wt% MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluid with pH of 7 can achieve the best photothermal conversion that increased up to 38.5 % compared to the base fluid, and the efficiency of DASC was significantly higher than that of evacuated tube solar collector with selected-coating after being exposed under a solar intensity of 700 W/m2 for 2400 s. This study provides scientific data and important reference for the numerical simulation and practical application of the direct suction solar collector. |
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Experimental investigation on photothermal conversion performance of MWCNT-DW/EG nanofluids for low-temperature direct absorption solar thermal energy systems |
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