The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms
In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polypho...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Carvalheira, Mónica [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2014transfer abstract |
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| Schlagwörter: |
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) |
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| Umfang: |
12 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal - Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER, 2021, a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ), Amsterdam [u.a.] |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:66 ; year:2014 ; day:1 ; month:12 ; pages:296-307 ; extent:12 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 |
|---|
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ELV017215269 |
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| 245 | 1 | 4 | |a The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms |
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| 520 | |a In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. | ||
| 520 | |a In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Microbial competition |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Aeration energy |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Dissolved oxygen (DO) |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) |2 Elsevier | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Oehmen, Adrian |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Carvalho, Gilda |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Eusébio, Mário |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Reis, Maria A.M. |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |n Elsevier Science |a Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER |t Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal |d 2021 |d a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |g Amsterdam [u.a.] |w (DE-627)ELV006716016 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 doi GBV00000000000157A.pica (DE-627)ELV017215269 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(14)00600-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 550 DE-600 333.7 320 VZ Carvalheira, Mónica verfasserin aut The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms 2014transfer abstract 12 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. Microbial competition Elsevier Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Elsevier Aeration energy Elsevier Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Elsevier Dissolved oxygen (DO) Elsevier Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) Elsevier Oehmen, Adrian oth Carvalho, Gilda oth Eusébio, Mário oth Reis, Maria A.M. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 66 2014 1 1201 296-307 12 045F 550 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 doi GBV00000000000157A.pica (DE-627)ELV017215269 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(14)00600-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 550 DE-600 333.7 320 VZ Carvalheira, Mónica verfasserin aut The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms 2014transfer abstract 12 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. Microbial competition Elsevier Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Elsevier Aeration energy Elsevier Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Elsevier Dissolved oxygen (DO) Elsevier Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) Elsevier Oehmen, Adrian oth Carvalho, Gilda oth Eusébio, Mário oth Reis, Maria A.M. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 66 2014 1 1201 296-307 12 045F 550 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 doi GBV00000000000157A.pica (DE-627)ELV017215269 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(14)00600-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 550 DE-600 333.7 320 VZ Carvalheira, Mónica verfasserin aut The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms 2014transfer abstract 12 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. Microbial competition Elsevier Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Elsevier Aeration energy Elsevier Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Elsevier Dissolved oxygen (DO) Elsevier Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) Elsevier Oehmen, Adrian oth Carvalho, Gilda oth Eusébio, Mário oth Reis, Maria A.M. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 66 2014 1 1201 296-307 12 045F 550 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 doi GBV00000000000157A.pica (DE-627)ELV017215269 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(14)00600-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 550 DE-600 333.7 320 VZ Carvalheira, Mónica verfasserin aut The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms 2014transfer abstract 12 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. Microbial competition Elsevier Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Elsevier Aeration energy Elsevier Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Elsevier Dissolved oxygen (DO) Elsevier Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) Elsevier Oehmen, Adrian oth Carvalho, Gilda oth Eusébio, Mário oth Reis, Maria A.M. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 66 2014 1 1201 296-307 12 045F 550 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 doi GBV00000000000157A.pica (DE-627)ELV017215269 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(14)00600-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 550 DE-600 333.7 320 VZ Carvalheira, Mónica verfasserin aut The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms 2014transfer abstract 12 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. Microbial competition Elsevier Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) Elsevier Aeration energy Elsevier Polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) Elsevier Dissolved oxygen (DO) Elsevier Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) Elsevier Oehmen, Adrian oth Carvalho, Gilda oth Eusébio, Mário oth Reis, Maria A.M. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.033 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 66 2014 1 1201 296-307 12 045F 550 |
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Enthalten in Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal Amsterdam [u.a.] volume:66 year:2014 day:1 month:12 pages:296-307 extent:12 |
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impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms |
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The impact of aeration on the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms and glycogen accumulating organisms |
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In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. |
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In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. |
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In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), aeration is the major energetic cost, thus its minimisation will improve the cost-effectiveness of the process. This study shows that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and aerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) affect the competition between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs). At low DO levels, Accumulibacter PAOs were shown to have an advantage over Competibacter GAOs, as PAOs had a higher oxygen affinity and thus largely maintained their aerobic activity at low DO levels, while GAO activity decreased. Bioreactor operation at low DO levels was found to increase the PAO fraction of the sludge. Furthermore, an increase in aerobic HRT (at a DO level of 2 mg O2/L), promoted the proliferation of GAOs over PAOs, decreasing the EBPR efficiency. Overall, this study shows that low aeration can be beneficial for EBPR performance through selecting for PAOs over GAOs, which should be incorporated into WWTP models in order to minimise energetic costs and improve WWTP sustainability. |
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