Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar
Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conducti...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Gabhi, Randeep S. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017transfer abstract |
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| Umfang: |
8 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Dynamic patterns of open review process - Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER, 2021, an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:116 ; year:2017 ; pages:435-442 ; extent:8 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 |
|---|
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ELV020520638 |
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| 520 | |a Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. | ||
| 520 | |a Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. | ||
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10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 doi GBV00000000000368.pica (DE-627)ELV020520638 (ELSEVIER)S0008-6223(17)30079-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 33.25 bkl 31.00 bkl Gabhi, Randeep S. verfasserin aut Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar 2017transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Kirk, Donald W. oth Jia, Charles Q. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER Dynamic patterns of open review process 2021 an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006580718 volume:116 year:2017 pages:435-442 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OPC-MAT 33.25 Thermodynamik statistische Physik VZ 31.00 Mathematik: Allgemeines VZ AR 116 2017 435-442 8 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 doi GBV00000000000368.pica (DE-627)ELV020520638 (ELSEVIER)S0008-6223(17)30079-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 33.25 bkl 31.00 bkl Gabhi, Randeep S. verfasserin aut Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar 2017transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Kirk, Donald W. oth Jia, Charles Q. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER Dynamic patterns of open review process 2021 an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006580718 volume:116 year:2017 pages:435-442 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OPC-MAT 33.25 Thermodynamik statistische Physik VZ 31.00 Mathematik: Allgemeines VZ AR 116 2017 435-442 8 |
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10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 doi GBV00000000000368.pica (DE-627)ELV020520638 (ELSEVIER)S0008-6223(17)30079-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 33.25 bkl 31.00 bkl Gabhi, Randeep S. verfasserin aut Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar 2017transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Kirk, Donald W. oth Jia, Charles Q. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER Dynamic patterns of open review process 2021 an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006580718 volume:116 year:2017 pages:435-442 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OPC-MAT 33.25 Thermodynamik statistische Physik VZ 31.00 Mathematik: Allgemeines VZ AR 116 2017 435-442 8 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 doi GBV00000000000368.pica (DE-627)ELV020520638 (ELSEVIER)S0008-6223(17)30079-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 33.25 bkl 31.00 bkl Gabhi, Randeep S. verfasserin aut Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar 2017transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Kirk, Donald W. oth Jia, Charles Q. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER Dynamic patterns of open review process 2021 an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006580718 volume:116 year:2017 pages:435-442 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OPC-MAT 33.25 Thermodynamik statistische Physik VZ 31.00 Mathematik: Allgemeines VZ AR 116 2017 435-442 8 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 doi GBV00000000000368.pica (DE-627)ELV020520638 (ELSEVIER)S0008-6223(17)30079-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 33.25 bkl 31.00 bkl Gabhi, Randeep S. verfasserin aut Preliminary investigation of electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar 2017transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. Kirk, Donald W. oth Jia, Charles Q. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Zhao, Zhi-Dan ELSEVIER Dynamic patterns of open review process 2021 an international journal sponsored by the American Carbon Society Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006580718 volume:116 year:2017 pages:435-442 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.069 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OPC-MAT 33.25 Thermodynamik statistische Physik VZ 31.00 Mathematik: Allgemeines VZ AR 116 2017 435-442 8 |
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Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. 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Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. |
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Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. |
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Monolithic biochar is explored as electrode material in supercapacitor – a fast-charging, long-lasting energy storage device. Electrical conductivity of electrode is critical to supercapacitor's performance. Traditionally, biochar is used as a solid fuel for combustion where electrical conductivity is largely irrelevant and ignored. This work explores electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar and elucidates its dependence on micro and macro structures of biochar. Electrical conductivity of biochar was found to be highly dependent on its degree of carbonization. Bulk conductivity of biochar can increase by over six orders of magnitudes when its carbon content changes from 86.8 to 93.7 wt%. Transmission electronic microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses revealed the presence of graphite nanocrystals (∼3 nm) and the growth of biochar crystallinity after heat treatment at 950 °C. The highest skeletal conductivity of carbon was 343.2 S/m, found in a heat-treated sugar maple biochar with 96.2 wt% of carbon. It is higher than that of graphite single crystal in direction perpendicular to graphene plane (333.3 S/m). Moreover, it was observed conductivity of monolithic biochar increased with compressive loading and dropped to the pre-compression level when the loading was released - a new phenomenon termed “elastic behavior of electrical conductivity of biochar”. |
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