Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children.
Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
JANSEN, P.W. [verfasserIn] |
|---|
| Format: |
E-Artikel |
|---|---|
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2014transfer abstract |
|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST - Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER, 2022, determinants and consequences of eating and drinking, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:76 ; year:2014 ; day:1 ; month:05 ; pages:198 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 |
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ELV027980510 |
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| 520 | |a Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. | ||
| 520 | |a Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. | ||
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10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 doi GBVA2014007000020.pica (DE-627)ELV027980510 (ELSEVIER)S0195-6663(14)00026-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 640 590 630 DE-600 640 DE-600 590 DE-600 660 VZ 38.51 bkl 57.36 bkl JANSEN, P.W. verfasserin aut Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. 2014transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. JADDOE, V.W.V. oth HOFMAN, A. oth VERHULST, F.C. oth TIEMEIER, H. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST 2022 determinants and consequences of eating and drinking Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008716951 volume:76 year:2014 day:1 month:05 pages:198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO 38.51 Geologie fossiler Brennstoffe VZ 57.36 Erdölgewinnung Erdgasgewinnung VZ AR 76 2014 1 0501 198 045F 630 |
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10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 doi GBVA2014007000020.pica (DE-627)ELV027980510 (ELSEVIER)S0195-6663(14)00026-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 640 590 630 DE-600 640 DE-600 590 DE-600 660 VZ 38.51 bkl 57.36 bkl JANSEN, P.W. verfasserin aut Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. 2014transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. JADDOE, V.W.V. oth HOFMAN, A. oth VERHULST, F.C. oth TIEMEIER, H. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST 2022 determinants and consequences of eating and drinking Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008716951 volume:76 year:2014 day:1 month:05 pages:198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO 38.51 Geologie fossiler Brennstoffe VZ 57.36 Erdölgewinnung Erdgasgewinnung VZ AR 76 2014 1 0501 198 045F 630 |
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10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 doi GBVA2014007000020.pica (DE-627)ELV027980510 (ELSEVIER)S0195-6663(14)00026-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 640 590 630 DE-600 640 DE-600 590 DE-600 660 VZ 38.51 bkl 57.36 bkl JANSEN, P.W. verfasserin aut Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. 2014transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. JADDOE, V.W.V. oth HOFMAN, A. oth VERHULST, F.C. oth TIEMEIER, H. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST 2022 determinants and consequences of eating and drinking Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008716951 volume:76 year:2014 day:1 month:05 pages:198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO 38.51 Geologie fossiler Brennstoffe VZ 57.36 Erdölgewinnung Erdgasgewinnung VZ AR 76 2014 1 0501 198 045F 630 |
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10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 doi GBVA2014007000020.pica (DE-627)ELV027980510 (ELSEVIER)S0195-6663(14)00026-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 640 590 630 DE-600 640 DE-600 590 DE-600 660 VZ 38.51 bkl 57.36 bkl JANSEN, P.W. verfasserin aut Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. 2014transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. JADDOE, V.W.V. oth HOFMAN, A. oth VERHULST, F.C. oth TIEMEIER, H. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST 2022 determinants and consequences of eating and drinking Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008716951 volume:76 year:2014 day:1 month:05 pages:198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO 38.51 Geologie fossiler Brennstoffe VZ 57.36 Erdölgewinnung Erdgasgewinnung VZ AR 76 2014 1 0501 198 045F 630 |
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10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 doi GBVA2014007000020.pica (DE-627)ELV027980510 (ELSEVIER)S0195-6663(14)00026-9 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 640 590 630 DE-600 640 DE-600 590 DE-600 660 VZ 38.51 bkl 57.36 bkl JANSEN, P.W. verfasserin aut Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. 2014transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. JADDOE, V.W.V. oth HOFMAN, A. oth VERHULST, F.C. oth TIEMEIER, H. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Chen, Jiahui ELSEVIER Analysis of fracture interference – Coupling of flow and geomechanical computations with discrete fracture modeling using MRST 2022 determinants and consequences of eating and drinking Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008716951 volume:76 year:2014 day:1 month:05 pages:198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.018 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO 38.51 Geologie fossiler Brennstoffe VZ 57.36 Erdölgewinnung Erdgasgewinnung VZ AR 76 2014 1 0501 198 045F 630 |
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Restrictive feeding and child weight. Evidence for a bi-directional association in preschool children. |
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Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. |
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Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. |
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Parents’ restriction of food intake has consistently been associated with a higher body mass index (BMI) in children. It is assumed that parental restriction weakens children’s self-regulation, but restriction may also be a parent’s response to child overweight. With few exceptions, studies have not examined this possibility. In longitudinal analyses, we aimed to identify directionality in the restrictive feeding–BMI relationship among preschoolers. BMI was measured among 3478 children in the population-based Generation R Study. Restriction (Child Feeding Questionnaire) was self-reported by parents. Bi-directionality was examined in a path analysis with Restriction and BMI expressed in standard deviation (SD) scores. Path analysis jointly estimating Restriction–BMI associations in both directions and accounting for continuity in BMI over time indicated that a higher BMI at age 2 years was associated with more restriction at age 4 years, which in turn was positively related with child BMI two years later. However, associations were modest, e.g. for each SD increase in Restriction, child BMIz increased by 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10). The relation from BMI to parenting was stronger than reverse (Wald test for comparison: p-value=0.03). Our results imply a bi-directional relation between restrictive feeding and child BMI. This suggests that, in contrast to school-age children, among preschoolers a cyclical relationship may appear: the main direction of effect was parents responding to high child weight by restriction of food intake, while excessive restriction may also have a small counterproductive effect resulting in overeating and adiposity. |
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