How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems
Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Sirot, Etienne [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016transfer abstract |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Umfang: |
8 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview - Yang, Bo ELSEVIER, 2022, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:118 ; year:2016 ; pages:19-26 ; extent:8 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 |
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ELV030043247 |
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| 520 | |a Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. | ||
| 520 | |a Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a grouping strategies |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a predator – prey interactions |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a space limitation |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a waterholes |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a competition |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a arid environments |2 Elsevier | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Renaud, Pierre-Cyril |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pays, Olivier |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |n Elsevier |a Yang, Bo ELSEVIER |t Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview |d 2022 |g Amsterdam [u.a.] |w (DE-627)ELV008373477 |
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10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 doi GBV00000000000212A.pica (DE-627)ELV030043247 (ELSEVIER)S0003-3472(16)30077-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 150 150 DE-600 620 VZ 52.56 bkl Sirot, Etienne verfasserin aut How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems 2016transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. grouping strategies Elsevier predator – prey interactions Elsevier space limitation Elsevier waterholes Elsevier competition Elsevier arid environments Elsevier Renaud, Pierre-Cyril oth Pays, Olivier oth Enthalten in Elsevier Yang, Bo ELSEVIER Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008373477 volume:118 year:2016 pages:19-26 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 52.56 Regenerative Energieformen alternative Energieformen VZ AR 118 2016 19-26 8 045F 150 |
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10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 doi GBV00000000000212A.pica (DE-627)ELV030043247 (ELSEVIER)S0003-3472(16)30077-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 150 150 DE-600 620 VZ 52.56 bkl Sirot, Etienne verfasserin aut How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems 2016transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. grouping strategies Elsevier predator – prey interactions Elsevier space limitation Elsevier waterholes Elsevier competition Elsevier arid environments Elsevier Renaud, Pierre-Cyril oth Pays, Olivier oth Enthalten in Elsevier Yang, Bo ELSEVIER Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008373477 volume:118 year:2016 pages:19-26 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 52.56 Regenerative Energieformen alternative Energieformen VZ AR 118 2016 19-26 8 045F 150 |
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10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 doi GBV00000000000212A.pica (DE-627)ELV030043247 (ELSEVIER)S0003-3472(16)30077-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 150 150 DE-600 620 VZ 52.56 bkl Sirot, Etienne verfasserin aut How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems 2016transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. grouping strategies Elsevier predator – prey interactions Elsevier space limitation Elsevier waterholes Elsevier competition Elsevier arid environments Elsevier Renaud, Pierre-Cyril oth Pays, Olivier oth Enthalten in Elsevier Yang, Bo ELSEVIER Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008373477 volume:118 year:2016 pages:19-26 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 52.56 Regenerative Energieformen alternative Energieformen VZ AR 118 2016 19-26 8 045F 150 |
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10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 doi GBV00000000000212A.pica (DE-627)ELV030043247 (ELSEVIER)S0003-3472(16)30077-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 150 150 DE-600 620 VZ 52.56 bkl Sirot, Etienne verfasserin aut How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems 2016transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. grouping strategies Elsevier predator – prey interactions Elsevier space limitation Elsevier waterholes Elsevier competition Elsevier arid environments Elsevier Renaud, Pierre-Cyril oth Pays, Olivier oth Enthalten in Elsevier Yang, Bo ELSEVIER Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008373477 volume:118 year:2016 pages:19-26 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 52.56 Regenerative Energieformen alternative Energieformen VZ AR 118 2016 19-26 8 045F 150 |
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10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 doi GBV00000000000212A.pica (DE-627)ELV030043247 (ELSEVIER)S0003-3472(16)30077-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 150 150 DE-600 620 VZ 52.56 bkl Sirot, Etienne verfasserin aut How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems 2016transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. grouping strategies Elsevier predator – prey interactions Elsevier space limitation Elsevier waterholes Elsevier competition Elsevier arid environments Elsevier Renaud, Pierre-Cyril oth Pays, Olivier oth Enthalten in Elsevier Yang, Bo ELSEVIER Wave energy converter array layout optimization: A critical and comprehensive overview 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008373477 volume:118 year:2016 pages:19-26 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.05.021 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 52.56 Regenerative Energieformen alternative Energieformen VZ AR 118 2016 19-26 8 045F 150 |
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how competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems |
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How competition and predation shape patterns of waterhole use by herbivores in arid ecosystems |
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Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. |
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Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. |
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Access to surface water is crucial for herbivores in arid ecosystems. Here, we build a game-theoretical model, based on an evolutionary algorithm, to study the influence of ecological factors on the temporal patterns of presence at waterholes in the herbivore community. In this model, we incorporate the specific features of arid environments, namely, the important hydric losses endured by individuals exposed during the warmest hours of the day, and competition for access to water, both within and between species. We also consider the presence of ambushing predators around waterholes, particularly during dark hours. In response to this predation regime, our model predicts a strong aggregative tendency in herbivores. The number of groups, however, is variable, as well as the time these groups choose to attend the waterhole, even if the total number of individuals is fixed. The reason is a multiplicity of possible evolutionarily stable strategies, corresponding to different responses to the trade-off between the advantages of grouping, in terms of risk dilution, and its costs, in terms of increased competition. This variety of possible behavioural responses affects, in turn, the moments when the waterhole is occupied, and the moments when the different species meet each other. In general, herbivores also respond to predation threat by avoiding coming to waterholes after dusk. However, the cumulative effects of a relatively high level of predation during the day and a high level of interspecific competition for access to water may induce an important presence of herbivores at the waterhole at night. Our predictions are discussed in the light of existing empirical studies. |
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