Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight
MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is p...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Ahnen, M.L. [verfasserIn] |
|---|
| Format: |
E-Artikel |
|---|---|
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017transfer abstract |
|---|
| Umfang: |
13 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells - 2012transfer abstract, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:94 ; year:2017 ; pages:29-41 ; extent:13 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 |
|---|
| Katalog-ID: |
ELV036005126 |
|---|
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2017transfer abstract | |
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| 520 | |a MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. | ||
| 520 | |a MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Ansoldi, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Antonelli, L.A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Arcaro, C. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Babić, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Banerjee, B. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bangale, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Barres de Almeida, U. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Barrio, J.A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Becerra González, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bednarek, W. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bernardini, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Berti, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bhattacharyya, W. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Biasuzzi, B. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Biland, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Blanch, O. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bonnefoy, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bonnoli, G. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Carosi, R. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Carosi, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chatterjee, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Colin, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Colombo, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Contreras, J.L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cortina, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Covino, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cumani, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Da Vela, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dazzi, F. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a De Angelis, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a De Lotto, B. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a de Oña Wilhelmi, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Di Pierro, F. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Doert, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Domínguez, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dominis Prester, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dorner, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Doro, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Einecke, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Eisenacher Glawion, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Elsaesser, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Engelkemeier, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fallah Ramazani, V. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fernández-Barral, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fidalgo, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fonseca, M.V. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Font, L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fruck, C. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Galindo, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a García López, R.J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Garczarczyk, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gaug, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Giammaria, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Godinović, N. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gora, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Griffiths, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Guberman, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hadasch, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hahn, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hassan, T. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hayashida, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Herrera, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hose, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hrupec, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hughes, G. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ishio, K. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Konno, Y. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kubo, H. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kushida, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kuveždić, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lelas, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lindfors, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lombardi, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Longo, F. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a López, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Maggio, C. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Majumdar, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Makariev, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Maneva, G. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Manganaro, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mannheim, K. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Maraschi, L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mariotti, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Martínez, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mazin, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Menzel, U. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Minev, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mirzoyan, R. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moralejo, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moreno, V. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moretti, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Neustroev, V. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Niedzwiecki, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nievas Rosillo, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nilsson, K. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ninci, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nishijima, K. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Noda, K. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nogués, L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paiano, S. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Palacio, J. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paneque, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paoletti, R. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paredes, J.M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paredes-Fortuny, X. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pedaletti, G. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Peresano, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Perri, L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Persic, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Prada Moroni, P.G. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Prandini, E. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Puljak, I. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Garcia, J.R. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Reichardt, I. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rhode, W. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Rico, J. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Saito, T. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Satalecka, K. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Schweizer, T. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sillanpää, A. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Šnidarić, I. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sobczynska, D. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stamerra, A. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Strzys, M. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Surić, T. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Takalo, L. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tavecchio, F. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Temnikov, P. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Terzić, T. |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Tescaro, D. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Torres, D.F. |4 oth | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Zarić, D. |4 oth | |
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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 doi GBVA2017015000002.pica (DE-627)ELV036005126 (ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 540 DE-600 620 VZ 690 VZ 50.92 bkl Ahnen, M.L. verfasserin aut Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight 2017transfer abstract 13 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. Ansoldi, S. oth Antonelli, L.A. oth Arcaro, C. oth Babić, A. oth Banerjee, B. oth Bangale, P. oth Barres de Almeida, U. oth Barrio, J.A. oth Becerra González, J. oth Bednarek, W. oth Bernardini, E. oth Berti, A. oth Bhattacharyya, W. oth Biasuzzi, B. oth Biland, A. oth Blanch, O. oth Bonnefoy, S. oth Bonnoli, G. oth Carosi, R. oth Carosi, A. oth Chatterjee, A. oth Colin, P. oth Colombo, E. oth Contreras, J.L. oth Cortina, J. oth Covino, S. oth Cumani, P. oth Da Vela, P. oth Dazzi, F. oth De Angelis, A. oth De Lotto, B. oth de Oña Wilhelmi, E. oth Di Pierro, F. oth Doert, M. oth Domínguez, A. oth Dominis Prester, D. oth Dorner, D. oth Doro, M. oth Einecke, S. oth Eisenacher Glawion, D. oth Elsaesser, D. oth Engelkemeier, M. oth Fallah Ramazani, V. oth Fernández-Barral, A. oth Fidalgo, D. oth Fonseca, M.V. oth Font, L. oth Fruck, C. oth Galindo, D. oth García López, R.J. oth Garczarczyk, M. oth Gaug, M. oth Giammaria, P. oth Godinović, N. oth Gora, D. oth Griffiths, S. oth Guberman, D. oth Hadasch, D. oth Hahn, A. oth Hassan, T. oth Hayashida, M. oth Herrera, J. oth Hose, J. oth Hrupec, D. oth Hughes, G. oth Ishio, K. oth Konno, Y. oth Kubo, H. oth Kushida, J. oth Kuveždić, D. oth Lelas, D. oth Lindfors, E. oth Lombardi, S. oth Longo, F. oth López, M. oth Maggio, C. oth Majumdar, P. oth Makariev, M. oth Maneva, G. oth Manganaro, M. oth Mannheim, K. oth Maraschi, L. oth Mariotti, M. oth Martínez, M. oth Mazin, D. oth Menzel, U. oth Minev, M. oth Mirzoyan, R. oth Moralejo, A. oth Moreno, V. oth Moretti, E. oth Neustroev, V. oth Niedzwiecki, A. oth Nievas Rosillo, M. oth Nilsson, K. oth Ninci, D. oth Nishijima, K. oth Noda, K. oth Nogués, L. oth Paiano, S. oth Palacio, J. oth Paneque, D. oth Paoletti, R. oth Paredes, J.M. oth Paredes-Fortuny, X. oth Pedaletti, G. oth Peresano, M. oth Perri, L. oth Persic, M. oth Prada Moroni, P.G. oth Prandini, E. oth Puljak, I. oth Garcia, J.R. oth Reichardt, I. oth Rhode, W. oth Ribó, M. oth Rico, J. oth Rugliancich, A. oth Saito, T. oth Satalecka, K. oth Schroeder, S. oth Schweizer, T. oth Sillanpää, A. oth Sitarek, J. oth Šnidarić, I. oth Sobczynska, D. oth Stamerra, A. oth Strzys, M. oth Surić, T. oth Takalo, L. oth Tavecchio, F. oth Temnikov, P. oth Terzić, T. oth Tescaro, D. oth Teshima, M. oth Torres, D.F. oth Torres-Albà, N. oth Treves, A. oth Vanzo, G. oth Vazquez Acosta, M. oth Vovk, I. oth Ward, J.E. oth Will, M. oth Zarić, D. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells 2012transfer abstract Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV016257995 volume:94 year:2017 pages:29-41 extent:13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_252 50.92 Meerestechnik VZ AR 94 2017 29-41 13 045F 540 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 doi GBVA2017015000002.pica (DE-627)ELV036005126 (ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 540 DE-600 620 VZ 690 VZ 50.92 bkl Ahnen, M.L. verfasserin aut Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight 2017transfer abstract 13 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. Ansoldi, S. oth Antonelli, L.A. oth Arcaro, C. oth Babić, A. oth Banerjee, B. oth Bangale, P. oth Barres de Almeida, U. oth Barrio, J.A. oth Becerra González, J. oth Bednarek, W. oth Bernardini, E. oth Berti, A. oth Bhattacharyya, W. oth Biasuzzi, B. oth Biland, A. oth Blanch, O. oth Bonnefoy, S. oth Bonnoli, G. oth Carosi, R. oth Carosi, A. oth Chatterjee, A. oth Colin, P. oth Colombo, E. oth Contreras, J.L. oth Cortina, J. oth Covino, S. oth Cumani, P. oth Da Vela, P. oth Dazzi, F. oth De Angelis, A. oth De Lotto, B. oth de Oña Wilhelmi, E. oth Di Pierro, F. oth Doert, M. oth Domínguez, A. oth Dominis Prester, D. oth Dorner, D. oth Doro, M. oth Einecke, S. oth Eisenacher Glawion, D. oth Elsaesser, D. oth Engelkemeier, M. oth Fallah Ramazani, V. oth Fernández-Barral, A. oth Fidalgo, D. oth Fonseca, M.V. oth Font, L. oth Fruck, C. oth Galindo, D. oth García López, R.J. oth Garczarczyk, M. oth Gaug, M. oth Giammaria, P. oth Godinović, N. oth Gora, D. oth Griffiths, S. oth Guberman, D. oth Hadasch, D. oth Hahn, A. oth Hassan, T. oth Hayashida, M. oth Herrera, J. oth Hose, J. oth Hrupec, D. oth Hughes, G. oth Ishio, K. oth Konno, Y. oth Kubo, H. oth Kushida, J. oth Kuveždić, D. oth Lelas, D. oth Lindfors, E. oth Lombardi, S. oth Longo, F. oth López, M. oth Maggio, C. oth Majumdar, P. oth Makariev, M. oth Maneva, G. oth Manganaro, M. oth Mannheim, K. oth Maraschi, L. oth Mariotti, M. oth Martínez, M. oth Mazin, D. oth Menzel, U. oth Minev, M. oth Mirzoyan, R. oth Moralejo, A. oth Moreno, V. oth Moretti, E. oth Neustroev, V. oth Niedzwiecki, A. oth Nievas Rosillo, M. oth Nilsson, K. oth Ninci, D. oth Nishijima, K. oth Noda, K. oth Nogués, L. oth Paiano, S. oth Palacio, J. oth Paneque, D. oth Paoletti, R. oth Paredes, J.M. oth Paredes-Fortuny, X. oth Pedaletti, G. oth Peresano, M. oth Perri, L. oth Persic, M. oth Prada Moroni, P.G. oth Prandini, E. oth Puljak, I. oth Garcia, J.R. oth Reichardt, I. oth Rhode, W. oth Ribó, M. oth Rico, J. oth Rugliancich, A. oth Saito, T. oth Satalecka, K. oth Schroeder, S. oth Schweizer, T. oth Sillanpää, A. oth Sitarek, J. oth Šnidarić, I. oth Sobczynska, D. oth Stamerra, A. oth Strzys, M. oth Surić, T. oth Takalo, L. oth Tavecchio, F. oth Temnikov, P. oth Terzić, T. oth Tescaro, D. oth Teshima, M. oth Torres, D.F. oth Torres-Albà, N. oth Treves, A. oth Vanzo, G. oth Vazquez Acosta, M. oth Vovk, I. oth Ward, J.E. oth Will, M. oth Zarić, D. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells 2012transfer abstract Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV016257995 volume:94 year:2017 pages:29-41 extent:13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_252 50.92 Meerestechnik VZ AR 94 2017 29-41 13 045F 540 |
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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 doi GBVA2017015000002.pica (DE-627)ELV036005126 (ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 540 DE-600 620 VZ 690 VZ 50.92 bkl Ahnen, M.L. verfasserin aut Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight 2017transfer abstract 13 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. Ansoldi, S. oth Antonelli, L.A. oth Arcaro, C. oth Babić, A. oth Banerjee, B. oth Bangale, P. oth Barres de Almeida, U. oth Barrio, J.A. oth Becerra González, J. oth Bednarek, W. oth Bernardini, E. oth Berti, A. oth Bhattacharyya, W. oth Biasuzzi, B. oth Biland, A. oth Blanch, O. oth Bonnefoy, S. oth Bonnoli, G. oth Carosi, R. oth Carosi, A. oth Chatterjee, A. oth Colin, P. oth Colombo, E. oth Contreras, J.L. oth Cortina, J. oth Covino, S. oth Cumani, P. oth Da Vela, P. oth Dazzi, F. oth De Angelis, A. oth De Lotto, B. oth de Oña Wilhelmi, E. oth Di Pierro, F. oth Doert, M. oth Domínguez, A. oth Dominis Prester, D. oth Dorner, D. oth Doro, M. oth Einecke, S. oth Eisenacher Glawion, D. oth Elsaesser, D. oth Engelkemeier, M. oth Fallah Ramazani, V. oth Fernández-Barral, A. oth Fidalgo, D. oth Fonseca, M.V. oth Font, L. oth Fruck, C. oth Galindo, D. oth García López, R.J. oth Garczarczyk, M. oth Gaug, M. oth Giammaria, P. oth Godinović, N. oth Gora, D. oth Griffiths, S. oth Guberman, D. oth Hadasch, D. oth Hahn, A. oth Hassan, T. oth Hayashida, M. oth Herrera, J. oth Hose, J. oth Hrupec, D. oth Hughes, G. oth Ishio, K. oth Konno, Y. oth Kubo, H. oth Kushida, J. oth Kuveždić, D. oth Lelas, D. oth Lindfors, E. oth Lombardi, S. oth Longo, F. oth López, M. oth Maggio, C. oth Majumdar, P. oth Makariev, M. oth Maneva, G. oth Manganaro, M. oth Mannheim, K. oth Maraschi, L. oth Mariotti, M. oth Martínez, M. oth Mazin, D. oth Menzel, U. oth Minev, M. oth Mirzoyan, R. oth Moralejo, A. oth Moreno, V. oth Moretti, E. oth Neustroev, V. oth Niedzwiecki, A. oth Nievas Rosillo, M. oth Nilsson, K. oth Ninci, D. oth Nishijima, K. oth Noda, K. oth Nogués, L. oth Paiano, S. oth Palacio, J. oth Paneque, D. oth Paoletti, R. oth Paredes, J.M. oth Paredes-Fortuny, X. oth Pedaletti, G. oth Peresano, M. oth Perri, L. oth Persic, M. oth Prada Moroni, P.G. oth Prandini, E. oth Puljak, I. oth Garcia, J.R. oth Reichardt, I. oth Rhode, W. oth Ribó, M. oth Rico, J. oth Rugliancich, A. oth Saito, T. oth Satalecka, K. oth Schroeder, S. oth Schweizer, T. oth Sillanpää, A. oth Sitarek, J. oth Šnidarić, I. oth Sobczynska, D. oth Stamerra, A. oth Strzys, M. oth Surić, T. oth Takalo, L. oth Tavecchio, F. oth Temnikov, P. oth Terzić, T. oth Tescaro, D. oth Teshima, M. oth Torres, D.F. oth Torres-Albà, N. oth Treves, A. oth Vanzo, G. oth Vazquez Acosta, M. oth Vovk, I. oth Ward, J.E. oth Will, M. oth Zarić, D. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells 2012transfer abstract Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV016257995 volume:94 year:2017 pages:29-41 extent:13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_252 50.92 Meerestechnik VZ AR 94 2017 29-41 13 045F 540 |
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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 doi GBVA2017015000002.pica (DE-627)ELV036005126 (ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 540 DE-600 620 VZ 690 VZ 50.92 bkl Ahnen, M.L. verfasserin aut Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight 2017transfer abstract 13 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. Ansoldi, S. oth Antonelli, L.A. oth Arcaro, C. oth Babić, A. oth Banerjee, B. oth Bangale, P. oth Barres de Almeida, U. oth Barrio, J.A. oth Becerra González, J. oth Bednarek, W. oth Bernardini, E. oth Berti, A. oth Bhattacharyya, W. oth Biasuzzi, B. oth Biland, A. oth Blanch, O. oth Bonnefoy, S. oth Bonnoli, G. oth Carosi, R. oth Carosi, A. oth Chatterjee, A. oth Colin, P. oth Colombo, E. oth Contreras, J.L. oth Cortina, J. oth Covino, S. oth Cumani, P. oth Da Vela, P. oth Dazzi, F. oth De Angelis, A. oth De Lotto, B. oth de Oña Wilhelmi, E. oth Di Pierro, F. oth Doert, M. oth Domínguez, A. oth Dominis Prester, D. oth Dorner, D. oth Doro, M. oth Einecke, S. oth Eisenacher Glawion, D. oth Elsaesser, D. oth Engelkemeier, M. oth Fallah Ramazani, V. oth Fernández-Barral, A. oth Fidalgo, D. oth Fonseca, M.V. oth Font, L. oth Fruck, C. oth Galindo, D. oth García López, R.J. oth Garczarczyk, M. oth Gaug, M. oth Giammaria, P. oth Godinović, N. oth Gora, D. oth Griffiths, S. oth Guberman, D. oth Hadasch, D. oth Hahn, A. oth Hassan, T. oth Hayashida, M. oth Herrera, J. oth Hose, J. oth Hrupec, D. oth Hughes, G. oth Ishio, K. oth Konno, Y. oth Kubo, H. oth Kushida, J. oth Kuveždić, D. oth Lelas, D. oth Lindfors, E. oth Lombardi, S. oth Longo, F. oth López, M. oth Maggio, C. oth Majumdar, P. oth Makariev, M. oth Maneva, G. oth Manganaro, M. oth Mannheim, K. oth Maraschi, L. oth Mariotti, M. oth Martínez, M. oth Mazin, D. oth Menzel, U. oth Minev, M. oth Mirzoyan, R. oth Moralejo, A. oth Moreno, V. oth Moretti, E. oth Neustroev, V. oth Niedzwiecki, A. oth Nievas Rosillo, M. oth Nilsson, K. oth Ninci, D. oth Nishijima, K. oth Noda, K. oth Nogués, L. oth Paiano, S. oth Palacio, J. oth Paneque, D. oth Paoletti, R. oth Paredes, J.M. oth Paredes-Fortuny, X. oth Pedaletti, G. oth Peresano, M. oth Perri, L. oth Persic, M. oth Prada Moroni, P.G. oth Prandini, E. oth Puljak, I. oth Garcia, J.R. oth Reichardt, I. oth Rhode, W. oth Ribó, M. oth Rico, J. oth Rugliancich, A. oth Saito, T. oth Satalecka, K. oth Schroeder, S. oth Schweizer, T. oth Sillanpää, A. oth Sitarek, J. oth Šnidarić, I. oth Sobczynska, D. oth Stamerra, A. oth Strzys, M. oth Surić, T. oth Takalo, L. oth Tavecchio, F. oth Temnikov, P. oth Terzić, T. oth Tescaro, D. oth Teshima, M. oth Torres, D.F. oth Torres-Albà, N. oth Treves, A. oth Vanzo, G. oth Vazquez Acosta, M. oth Vovk, I. oth Ward, J.E. oth Will, M. oth Zarić, D. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells 2012transfer abstract Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV016257995 volume:94 year:2017 pages:29-41 extent:13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_252 50.92 Meerestechnik VZ AR 94 2017 29-41 13 045F 540 |
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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 doi GBVA2017015000002.pica (DE-627)ELV036005126 (ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 540 DE-600 620 VZ 690 VZ 50.92 bkl Ahnen, M.L. verfasserin aut Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight 2017transfer abstract 13 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. Ansoldi, S. oth Antonelli, L.A. oth Arcaro, C. oth Babić, A. oth Banerjee, B. oth Bangale, P. oth Barres de Almeida, U. oth Barrio, J.A. oth Becerra González, J. oth Bednarek, W. oth Bernardini, E. oth Berti, A. oth Bhattacharyya, W. oth Biasuzzi, B. oth Biland, A. oth Blanch, O. oth Bonnefoy, S. oth Bonnoli, G. oth Carosi, R. oth Carosi, A. oth Chatterjee, A. oth Colin, P. oth Colombo, E. oth Contreras, J.L. oth Cortina, J. oth Covino, S. oth Cumani, P. oth Da Vela, P. oth Dazzi, F. oth De Angelis, A. oth De Lotto, B. oth de Oña Wilhelmi, E. oth Di Pierro, F. oth Doert, M. oth Domínguez, A. oth Dominis Prester, D. oth Dorner, D. oth Doro, M. oth Einecke, S. oth Eisenacher Glawion, D. oth Elsaesser, D. oth Engelkemeier, M. oth Fallah Ramazani, V. oth Fernández-Barral, A. oth Fidalgo, D. oth Fonseca, M.V. oth Font, L. oth Fruck, C. oth Galindo, D. oth García López, R.J. oth Garczarczyk, M. oth Gaug, M. oth Giammaria, P. oth Godinović, N. oth Gora, D. oth Griffiths, S. oth Guberman, D. oth Hadasch, D. oth Hahn, A. oth Hassan, T. oth Hayashida, M. oth Herrera, J. oth Hose, J. oth Hrupec, D. oth Hughes, G. oth Ishio, K. oth Konno, Y. oth Kubo, H. oth Kushida, J. oth Kuveždić, D. oth Lelas, D. oth Lindfors, E. oth Lombardi, S. oth Longo, F. oth López, M. oth Maggio, C. oth Majumdar, P. oth Makariev, M. oth Maneva, G. oth Manganaro, M. oth Mannheim, K. oth Maraschi, L. oth Mariotti, M. oth Martínez, M. oth Mazin, D. oth Menzel, U. oth Minev, M. oth Mirzoyan, R. oth Moralejo, A. oth Moreno, V. oth Moretti, E. oth Neustroev, V. oth Niedzwiecki, A. oth Nievas Rosillo, M. oth Nilsson, K. oth Ninci, D. oth Nishijima, K. oth Noda, K. oth Nogués, L. oth Paiano, S. oth Palacio, J. oth Paneque, D. oth Paoletti, R. oth Paredes, J.M. oth Paredes-Fortuny, X. oth Pedaletti, G. oth Peresano, M. oth Perri, L. oth Persic, M. oth Prada Moroni, P.G. oth Prandini, E. oth Puljak, I. oth Garcia, J.R. oth Reichardt, I. oth Rhode, W. oth Ribó, M. oth Rico, J. oth Rugliancich, A. oth Saito, T. oth Satalecka, K. oth Schroeder, S. oth Schweizer, T. oth Sillanpää, A. oth Sitarek, J. oth Šnidarić, I. oth Sobczynska, D. oth Stamerra, A. oth Strzys, M. oth Surić, T. oth Takalo, L. oth Tavecchio, F. oth Temnikov, P. oth Terzić, T. oth Tescaro, D. oth Teshima, M. oth Torres, D.F. oth Torres-Albà, N. oth Treves, A. oth Vanzo, G. oth Vazquez Acosta, M. oth Vovk, I. oth Ward, J.E. oth Will, M. oth Zarić, D. oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells 2012transfer abstract Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV016257995 volume:94 year:2017 pages:29-41 extent:13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_252 50.92 Meerestechnik VZ AR 94 2017 29-41 13 045F 540 |
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Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells |
| authorswithroles_txt_mv |
Ahnen, M.L. @@aut@@ Ansoldi, S. @@oth@@ Antonelli, L.A. @@oth@@ Arcaro, C. @@oth@@ Babić, A. @@oth@@ Banerjee, B. @@oth@@ Bangale, P. @@oth@@ Barres de Almeida, U. @@oth@@ Barrio, J.A. @@oth@@ Becerra González, J. @@oth@@ Bednarek, W. @@oth@@ Bernardini, E. @@oth@@ Berti, A. @@oth@@ Bhattacharyya, W. @@oth@@ Biasuzzi, B. @@oth@@ Biland, A. @@oth@@ Blanch, O. @@oth@@ Bonnefoy, S. @@oth@@ Bonnoli, G. @@oth@@ Carosi, R. @@oth@@ Carosi, A. @@oth@@ Chatterjee, A. @@oth@@ Colin, P. @@oth@@ Colombo, E. @@oth@@ Contreras, J.L. @@oth@@ Cortina, J. @@oth@@ Covino, S. @@oth@@ Cumani, P. @@oth@@ Da Vela, P. @@oth@@ Dazzi, F. @@oth@@ De Angelis, A. @@oth@@ De Lotto, B. @@oth@@ de Oña Wilhelmi, E. @@oth@@ Di Pierro, F. @@oth@@ Doert, M. @@oth@@ Domínguez, A. @@oth@@ Dominis Prester, D. @@oth@@ Dorner, D. @@oth@@ Doro, M. @@oth@@ Einecke, S. @@oth@@ Eisenacher Glawion, D. @@oth@@ Elsaesser, D. @@oth@@ Engelkemeier, M. @@oth@@ Fallah Ramazani, V. @@oth@@ Fernández-Barral, A. @@oth@@ Fidalgo, D. @@oth@@ Fonseca, M.V. @@oth@@ Font, L. @@oth@@ Fruck, C. @@oth@@ Galindo, D. @@oth@@ García López, R.J. @@oth@@ Garczarczyk, M. @@oth@@ Gaug, M. @@oth@@ Giammaria, P. @@oth@@ Godinović, N. @@oth@@ Gora, D. @@oth@@ Griffiths, S. @@oth@@ Guberman, D. @@oth@@ Hadasch, D. @@oth@@ Hahn, A. @@oth@@ Hassan, T. @@oth@@ Hayashida, M. @@oth@@ Herrera, J. @@oth@@ Hose, J. @@oth@@ Hrupec, D. @@oth@@ Hughes, G. @@oth@@ Ishio, K. @@oth@@ Konno, Y. @@oth@@ Kubo, H. @@oth@@ Kushida, J. @@oth@@ Kuveždić, D. @@oth@@ Lelas, D. @@oth@@ Lindfors, E. @@oth@@ Lombardi, S. @@oth@@ Longo, F. @@oth@@ López, M. @@oth@@ Maggio, C. @@oth@@ Majumdar, P. @@oth@@ Makariev, M. @@oth@@ Maneva, G. @@oth@@ Manganaro, M. @@oth@@ Mannheim, K. @@oth@@ Maraschi, L. @@oth@@ Mariotti, M. @@oth@@ Martínez, M. @@oth@@ Mazin, D. @@oth@@ Menzel, U. @@oth@@ Minev, M. @@oth@@ Mirzoyan, R. @@oth@@ Moralejo, A. @@oth@@ Moreno, V. @@oth@@ Moretti, E. @@oth@@ Neustroev, V. @@oth@@ Niedzwiecki, A. @@oth@@ Nievas Rosillo, M. @@oth@@ Nilsson, K. @@oth@@ Ninci, D. @@oth@@ Nishijima, K. @@oth@@ Noda, K. @@oth@@ Nogués, L. @@oth@@ Paiano, S. @@oth@@ Palacio, J. @@oth@@ Paneque, D. @@oth@@ Paoletti, R. @@oth@@ Paredes, J.M. @@oth@@ Paredes-Fortuny, X. @@oth@@ Pedaletti, G. @@oth@@ Peresano, M. @@oth@@ Perri, L. @@oth@@ Persic, M. @@oth@@ Prada Moroni, P.G. @@oth@@ Prandini, E. @@oth@@ Puljak, I. @@oth@@ Garcia, J.R. @@oth@@ Reichardt, I. @@oth@@ Rhode, W. @@oth@@ Ribó, M. @@oth@@ Rico, J. @@oth@@ Rugliancich, A. @@oth@@ Saito, T. @@oth@@ Satalecka, K. @@oth@@ Schroeder, S. @@oth@@ Schweizer, T. @@oth@@ Sillanpää, A. @@oth@@ Sitarek, J. @@oth@@ Šnidarić, I. @@oth@@ Sobczynska, D. @@oth@@ Stamerra, A. @@oth@@ Strzys, M. @@oth@@ Surić, T. @@oth@@ Takalo, L. @@oth@@ Tavecchio, F. @@oth@@ Temnikov, P. @@oth@@ Terzić, T. @@oth@@ Tescaro, D. @@oth@@ Teshima, M. @@oth@@ Torres, D.F. @@oth@@ Torres-Albà, N. @@oth@@ Treves, A. @@oth@@ Vanzo, G. @@oth@@ Vazquez Acosta, M. @@oth@@ Vovk, I. @@oth@@ Ward, J.E. @@oth@@ Will, M. @@oth@@ Zarić, D. @@oth@@ |
| publishDateDaySort_date |
2017-01-01T00:00:00Z |
| hierarchy_top_id |
ELV016257995 |
| dewey-sort |
3540 |
| id |
ELV036005126 |
| language_de |
englisch |
| fullrecord |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">ELV036005126</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230625210331.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">180603s2017 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">GBVA2017015000002.pica</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)ELV036005126</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">540</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">540</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-600</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">620</subfield><subfield code="q">VZ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">690</subfield><subfield code="q">VZ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">50.92</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ahnen, M.L.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2017transfer abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zzz</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">z</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zu</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ansoldi, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Antonelli, L.A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Arcaro, C.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Babić, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Banerjee, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bangale, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Barres de Almeida, U.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Barrio, J.A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Becerra González, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bednarek, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bernardini, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Berti, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bhattacharyya, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Biasuzzi, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Biland, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Blanch, O.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bonnefoy, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bonnoli, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carosi, R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carosi, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chatterjee, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Colin, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Colombo, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Contreras, J.L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cortina, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Covino, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cumani, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Da Vela, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dazzi, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">De Angelis, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">De Lotto, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">de Oña Wilhelmi, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Di Pierro, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Doert, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Domínguez, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dominis Prester, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dorner, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Doro, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Einecke, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Eisenacher Glawion, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Elsaesser, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Engelkemeier, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fallah Ramazani, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fernández-Barral, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fidalgo, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield 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code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Godinović, N.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gora, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Griffiths, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Guberman, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hadasch, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hahn, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hassan, T.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hayashida, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Herrera, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hose, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hrupec, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hughes, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ishio, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Konno, Y.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kubo, H.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kushida, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kuveždić, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lelas, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lindfors, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lombardi, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Longo, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">López, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maggio, C.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Majumdar, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Makariev, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maneva, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Manganaro, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mannheim, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maraschi, L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mariotti, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Martínez, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mazin, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Menzel, U.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Minev, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mirzoyan, R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moralejo, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moreno, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moretti, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Neustroev, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield 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Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells |
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Ahnen, M.L. |
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Flexible, metal-free composite counter electrodes for efficient fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells |
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performance of the magic telescopes under moonlight |
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Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight |
| abstract |
MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. |
| abstractGer |
MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation. |
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Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">ELV036005126</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230625210331.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">180603s2017 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1016/j.astropartphys.2017.08.001</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="028" ind1="5" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">GBVA2017015000002.pica</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)ELV036005126</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ELSEVIER)S0927-6505(17)30110-X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">540</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">540</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-600</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">620</subfield><subfield code="q">VZ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">690</subfield><subfield code="q">VZ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">50.92</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ahnen, M.L.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Performance of the MAGIC telescopes under moonlight</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2017transfer abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zzz</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">z</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zu</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MAGIC, a system of two imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, achieves its best performance under dark conditions, i.e. in absence of moonlight or twilight. Since operating the telescopes only during dark time would severely limit the duty cycle, observations are also performed when the Moon is present in the sky. Here we develop a dedicated Moon-adapted analysis to characterize the performance of MAGIC under moonlight. We evaluate energy threshold, angular resolution and sensitivity of MAGIC under different background light levels, based on Crab Nebula observations and tuned Monte Carlo simulations. This study includes observations taken under non-standard hardware configurations, such as reducing the camera photomultiplier tubes gain by a factor ∼ 1.7 (reduced HV settings) with respect to standard settings (nominal HV) or using UV-pass filters to strongly reduce the amount of moonlight reaching the cameras of the telescopes. The Crab Nebula spectrum is correctly reconstructed in all the studied illumination levels, that reach up to 30 times brighter than under dark conditions. The main effect of moonlight is an increase in the analysis energy threshold and in the systematic uncertainties on the flux normalization. The sensitivity degradation is constrained to be below 10%, within 15–30% and between 60 and 80% for nominal HV, reduced HV and UV-pass filter observations, respectively. No worsening of the angular resolution was found. Thanks to observations during moonlight, the maximal duty cycle of MAGIC can be increased from ∼ 18%, under dark nights only, to up to ∼ 40% in total with only moderate performance degradation.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ansoldi, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Antonelli, L.A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Arcaro, C.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Babić, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Banerjee, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bangale, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Barres de Almeida, U.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Barrio, J.A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Becerra González, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bednarek, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bernardini, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Berti, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bhattacharyya, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Biasuzzi, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Biland, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Blanch, O.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bonnefoy, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Bonnoli, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carosi, R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carosi, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Chatterjee, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Colin, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Colombo, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Contreras, J.L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cortina, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Covino, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cumani, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Da Vela, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dazzi, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">De Angelis, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">De Lotto, B.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">de Oña Wilhelmi, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Di Pierro, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Doert, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Domínguez, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dominis Prester, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dorner, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Doro, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Einecke, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Eisenacher Glawion, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Elsaesser, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Engelkemeier, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fallah Ramazani, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fernández-Barral, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fidalgo, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield 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code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Godinović, N.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gora, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Griffiths, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Guberman, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hadasch, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hahn, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hassan, T.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hayashida, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Herrera, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hose, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hrupec, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hughes, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ishio, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Konno, Y.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kubo, H.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kushida, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kuveždić, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lelas, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lindfors, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Lombardi, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Longo, F.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">López, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maggio, C.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Majumdar, P.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Makariev, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maneva, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Manganaro, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mannheim, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maraschi, L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mariotti, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Martínez, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mazin, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Menzel, U.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Minev, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Mirzoyan, R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moralejo, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moreno, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Moretti, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Neustroev, V.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Niedzwiecki, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nievas Rosillo, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nilsson, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ninci, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nishijima, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Noda, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nogués, L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paiano, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Palacio, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paneque, D.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paoletti, R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paredes, J.M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Paredes-Fortuny, X.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pedaletti, G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Peresano, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Perri, L.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Persic, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Prada Moroni, P.G.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Prandini, E.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Puljak, I.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Garcia, J.R.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Reichardt, I.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rhode, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ribó, M.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rico, J.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Rugliancich, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Saito, T.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Satalecka, K.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schroeder, S.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schweizer, T.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sillanpää, A.</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sitarek, J.</subfield><subfield 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