Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role?
Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this trans...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017transfer abstract |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Umfang: |
6 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors - Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER, 2017transfer abstract, Burlington, Mass |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:109 ; year:2017 ; pages:59-64 ; extent:6 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 |
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ELV041025687 |
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| 520 | |a Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. | ||
| 520 | |a Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Noncoding RNA |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Epigenetics |2 Elsevier | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Posttraumatic stress disorder |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Histone modifications |2 Elsevier | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Van der Auwera, Sandra |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Grabe, Hans Jörgen |4 oth | |
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10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 doi GBV00000000000036.pica (DE-627)ELV041025687 (ELSEVIER)S0306-9877(17)30198-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 610 DE-600 540 VZ 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt verfasserin aut Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? 2017transfer abstract 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Noncoding RNA Elsevier Epigenetics Elsevier DNA methylation Elsevier Posttraumatic stress disorder Elsevier Histone modifications Elsevier Schulze, Lara oth Van der Auwera, Sandra oth Grabe, Hans Jörgen oth Enthalten in Harcourt Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors 2017transfer abstract Burlington, Mass (DE-627)ELV015462293 volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 109 2017 59-64 6 045F 610 |
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10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 doi GBV00000000000036.pica (DE-627)ELV041025687 (ELSEVIER)S0306-9877(17)30198-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 610 DE-600 540 VZ 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt verfasserin aut Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? 2017transfer abstract 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Noncoding RNA Elsevier Epigenetics Elsevier DNA methylation Elsevier Posttraumatic stress disorder Elsevier Histone modifications Elsevier Schulze, Lara oth Van der Auwera, Sandra oth Grabe, Hans Jörgen oth Enthalten in Harcourt Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors 2017transfer abstract Burlington, Mass (DE-627)ELV015462293 volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 109 2017 59-64 6 045F 610 |
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10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 doi GBV00000000000036.pica (DE-627)ELV041025687 (ELSEVIER)S0306-9877(17)30198-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 610 DE-600 540 VZ 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt verfasserin aut Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? 2017transfer abstract 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Noncoding RNA Elsevier Epigenetics Elsevier DNA methylation Elsevier Posttraumatic stress disorder Elsevier Histone modifications Elsevier Schulze, Lara oth Van der Auwera, Sandra oth Grabe, Hans Jörgen oth Enthalten in Harcourt Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors 2017transfer abstract Burlington, Mass (DE-627)ELV015462293 volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 109 2017 59-64 6 045F 610 |
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10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 doi GBV00000000000036.pica (DE-627)ELV041025687 (ELSEVIER)S0306-9877(17)30198-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 610 DE-600 540 VZ 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt verfasserin aut Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? 2017transfer abstract 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Noncoding RNA Elsevier Epigenetics Elsevier DNA methylation Elsevier Posttraumatic stress disorder Elsevier Histone modifications Elsevier Schulze, Lara oth Van der Auwera, Sandra oth Grabe, Hans Jörgen oth Enthalten in Harcourt Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors 2017transfer abstract Burlington, Mass (DE-627)ELV015462293 volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 109 2017 59-64 6 045F 610 |
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10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 doi GBV00000000000036.pica (DE-627)ELV041025687 (ELSEVIER)S0306-9877(17)30198-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 610 DE-600 540 VZ 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt verfasserin aut Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? 2017transfer abstract 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. Noncoding RNA Elsevier Epigenetics Elsevier DNA methylation Elsevier Posttraumatic stress disorder Elsevier Histone modifications Elsevier Schulze, Lara oth Van der Auwera, Sandra oth Grabe, Hans Jörgen oth Enthalten in Harcourt Fan, Ya-Meng ELSEVIER Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors 2017transfer abstract Burlington, Mass (DE-627)ELV015462293 volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.011 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 109 2017 59-64 6 045F 610 |
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Enthalten in Hierarchical porous NiCo2S4-rGO composites for high-performance supercapacitors Burlington, Mass volume:109 year:2017 pages:59-64 extent:6 |
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Rowold, Enrique d'Harcourt |
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Paternal transmission of early life traumatization through epigenetics: Do fathers play a role? |
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Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. |
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Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. |
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Traumatizing events are known to have consequences for the victim which may lead to the development of several well-known mental disorders. Recent research has shown that traumatic events may affect not only the victims’ lives, but also that of their progeny. It is generally accepted that this transmission of trauma occurs through parental behavior; however as has been recently discovered, the effects of trauma may also be inherited due to induced alterations in gene expression. These changes, so called epigenetic modifications, illuminate the interaction between genes and the environment. In contrast to mutations, epigenetic alterations do not change the DNA code, but rather modify the DNA structure, thus being capable of regulating gene expression and in turn making it possible for an individual to genetically respond to environmental changes. There are four possible epigenetic mechanisms: paramutation, DNA methylation, posttranslational modification of histones, and non-coding RNA. All of these mechanisms can be found both in somatic cells and in germ cells, leading to the putative transmission of alterations upon fertilization. To date, little is known regarding the epigenetic inheritance of trauma in humans. In this review, we elucidate the hypothesis that males may transmit biological correlates of traumatization through the germline to their offspring. This model of epigenetic inheritance has been supported by some evidence from animal studies. Overall, by considering findings on the epigenetic inheritance of traumatizing events in other mammals as well as findings on epigenetic transmission of acquired traits in humans, it should be possible through future research to confirm the transmission of traumatic effects in humans. By doing so, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways might arise. |
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