Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach
Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material produ...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Zhang, Jihua [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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2018transfer abstract |
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15 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA - Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER, 2022, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:89 ; year:2018 ; pages:85-99 ; extent:15 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 |
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| 520 | |a Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. | ||
| 520 | |a Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Ocean inclusive wealth |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ocean manufactured capital |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Ocean GDP |2 Elsevier | |
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10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001208.pica (DE-627)ELV041910990 (ELSEVIER)S0308-597X(17)30482-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.87 bkl Zhang, Jihua verfasserin aut Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach 2018transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean natural capital Elsevier Wealth accounting Elsevier Ocean human capital Elsevier Ocean inclusive wealth Elsevier Ocean manufactured capital Elsevier Ocean GDP Elsevier Sun, Wenjing oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008006881 volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.87 Gastroenterologie VZ AR 89 2018 85-99 15 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001208.pica (DE-627)ELV041910990 (ELSEVIER)S0308-597X(17)30482-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.87 bkl Zhang, Jihua verfasserin aut Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach 2018transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean natural capital Elsevier Wealth accounting Elsevier Ocean human capital Elsevier Ocean inclusive wealth Elsevier Ocean manufactured capital Elsevier Ocean GDP Elsevier Sun, Wenjing oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008006881 volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.87 Gastroenterologie VZ AR 89 2018 85-99 15 |
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10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001208.pica (DE-627)ELV041910990 (ELSEVIER)S0308-597X(17)30482-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.87 bkl Zhang, Jihua verfasserin aut Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach 2018transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean natural capital Elsevier Wealth accounting Elsevier Ocean human capital Elsevier Ocean inclusive wealth Elsevier Ocean manufactured capital Elsevier Ocean GDP Elsevier Sun, Wenjing oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008006881 volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.87 Gastroenterologie VZ AR 89 2018 85-99 15 |
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10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001208.pica (DE-627)ELV041910990 (ELSEVIER)S0308-597X(17)30482-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.87 bkl Zhang, Jihua verfasserin aut Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach 2018transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean natural capital Elsevier Wealth accounting Elsevier Ocean human capital Elsevier Ocean inclusive wealth Elsevier Ocean manufactured capital Elsevier Ocean GDP Elsevier Sun, Wenjing oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008006881 volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.87 Gastroenterologie VZ AR 89 2018 85-99 15 |
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10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001208.pica (DE-627)ELV041910990 (ELSEVIER)S0308-597X(17)30482-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.87 bkl Zhang, Jihua verfasserin aut Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach 2018transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. Ocean natural capital Elsevier Wealth accounting Elsevier Ocean human capital Elsevier Ocean inclusive wealth Elsevier Ocean manufactured capital Elsevier Ocean GDP Elsevier Sun, Wenjing oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Greaves, Grant E. ELSEVIER A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA 2022 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV008006881 volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.012 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.87 Gastroenterologie VZ AR 89 2018 85-99 15 |
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Enthalten in A CANADIAN RETROSPECTIVE COHORT REVIEW OF 2,233 PATIENTS COMPARING OUTCOMES OF ERCP UNDER CONSCIOUS SEDATION TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA Amsterdam [u.a.] volume:89 year:2018 pages:85-99 extent:15 |
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Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach |
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Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. |
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Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Ocean GDP has been the dominant indicator for measuring ocean wealth and ocean economy development in China since the implementation of the Ocean GDP Accounting System in 2006. However, ocean GDP has indicated plenty of limitations over time, such as expressing excessive concern about material production rather than resource and environmental costs. Further, it is an income-based flow concept rather than a wealth-based stock accounting concept. This paper explores a new metric of measuring China's ocean wealth from the perspective of sustainable development. The inclusive wealth approach is introduced in the national ocean wealth measurement of China based on the expansion of the scope of the traditional concept of ocean wealth. In addition, the ocean manufactured capital, ocean human capital, ocean natural capital, the total value of ocean inclusive wealth, and the wealth composition are calculated. The results show that China's ocean inclusive wealth decreased over the years except for a slight growth in 2013 and 2014, and it is unsustainable as a whole. The value of ocean natural capital far exceeded ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital. Although ocean manufactured capital and ocean human capital experienced an absolute growth, ocean natural capital declined notwithstanding its value, proportion or per capita value. Ocean inclusive wealth of China dropped at a higher rate when both CO2 damage and demographic growth were taken into account. As compared to ocean GDP, the ocean inclusive wealth is much larger, but relatively stable. |
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Measurement of the ocean wealth of nations in China: An inclusive wealth approach |
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