Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration
Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Senecal, Jenna [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2018transfer abstract |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Umfang: |
8 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal - Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER, 2021, a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ), Amsterdam [u.a.] |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:144 ; year:2018 ; day:1 ; month:11 ; pages:474-481 ; extent:8 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 |
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ELV044220553 |
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| 520 | |a Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. | ||
| 520 | |a Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Urine diversion |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Urine concentration |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sanitation |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Fertiliser |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Alkaline treatment |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pathogen |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Volume reduction |2 Elsevier | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nordin, Annika |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Simha, Prithvi |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Vinnerås, Björn |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |n Elsevier Science |a Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER |t Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal |d 2021 |d a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) |g Amsterdam [u.a.] |w (DE-627)ELV006716016 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000000984.pica (DE-627)ELV044220553 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(18)30573-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 320 VZ Senecal, Jenna verfasserin aut Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration 2018transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Urine diversion Elsevier Urine concentration Elsevier Sanitation Elsevier Fertiliser Elsevier Alkaline treatment Elsevier Pathogen Elsevier Volume reduction Elsevier Nordin, Annika oth Simha, Prithvi oth Vinnerås, Björn oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 144 2018 1 1101 474-481 8 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000000984.pica (DE-627)ELV044220553 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(18)30573-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 320 VZ Senecal, Jenna verfasserin aut Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration 2018transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Urine diversion Elsevier Urine concentration Elsevier Sanitation Elsevier Fertiliser Elsevier Alkaline treatment Elsevier Pathogen Elsevier Volume reduction Elsevier Nordin, Annika oth Simha, Prithvi oth Vinnerås, Björn oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 144 2018 1 1101 474-481 8 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000000984.pica (DE-627)ELV044220553 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(18)30573-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 320 VZ Senecal, Jenna verfasserin aut Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration 2018transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Urine diversion Elsevier Urine concentration Elsevier Sanitation Elsevier Fertiliser Elsevier Alkaline treatment Elsevier Pathogen Elsevier Volume reduction Elsevier Nordin, Annika oth Simha, Prithvi oth Vinnerås, Björn oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 144 2018 1 1101 474-481 8 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000000984.pica (DE-627)ELV044220553 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(18)30573-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 320 VZ Senecal, Jenna verfasserin aut Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration 2018transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Urine diversion Elsevier Urine concentration Elsevier Sanitation Elsevier Fertiliser Elsevier Alkaline treatment Elsevier Pathogen Elsevier Volume reduction Elsevier Nordin, Annika oth Simha, Prithvi oth Vinnerås, Björn oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 144 2018 1 1101 474-481 8 |
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10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000000984.pica (DE-627)ELV044220553 (ELSEVIER)S0043-1354(18)30573-6 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 320 VZ Senecal, Jenna verfasserin aut Hygiene aspect of treating human urine by alkaline dehydration 2018transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. Urine diversion Elsevier Urine concentration Elsevier Sanitation Elsevier Fertiliser Elsevier Alkaline treatment Elsevier Pathogen Elsevier Volume reduction Elsevier Nordin, Annika oth Simha, Prithvi oth Vinnerås, Björn oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Pandey, Avash ELSEVIER Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal 2021 a journal of the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006716016 volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.030 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U AR 144 2018 1 1101 474-481 8 |
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Enthalten in Matches, mismatches and priorities of pathways from a climate-resilient development perspective in the mountains of Nepal Amsterdam [u.a.] volume:144 year:2018 day:1 month:11 pages:474-481 extent:8 |
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Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. |
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Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. |
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Over four billion people are discharging untreated human excreta into the environment without any prior treatment, causing eutrophication and spreading disease. The most nutrient rich fraction is the urine. Urine can be collected separately and dehydrated in an alkaline bed producing a nutrient rich fertiliser. However, faecal cross-contamination during the collection risks to introduce pathogens to the urine. The objective of this hygiene assessment was to study the inactivation of five microorganisms (Ascaris suum, Enterococcus faecalis, bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX 174 and Salmonella spp) in alkaline dehydrated urine. Fresh human urine was dehydrated in wood ash at 42 °C until the pH decreased to ≤10.5, at which point the saturated ash was inoculated with faeces containing the microorganisms and left open to the air (mimicking stockpiling of the end product) at temperatures of 20 and 42 °C. The bacteria and bacteriophages were inactivated to below the detection limit (100 cfu ml−1 for bacteria; 10 pfu mL−1 for bacteriophages) within four days storage at 20 °C. A. suum inactivation data was fitted to a non-linear regression model, which estimated a required 325 days of storage at 20 °C and 9.2 days at 42 °C to reach a 3 log10 reduction. However, the urine dehydration in itself achieved a concentration <1 A . suum per 4 g of dehydrated medium which fulfil the WHO guidelines for unrestricted use. |
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