Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids
Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of gr...
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| Autor*in: |
Gurzęda, Bartosz [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2019transfer abstract |
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| Umfang: |
8 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch - Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER, 2018, the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), New York, NY [u.a.] |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:310 ; year:2019 ; day:1 ; month:07 ; pages:96-103 ; extent:8 |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids |
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| 520 | |a Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. | ||
| 520 | |a Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Graphite intercalation compounds |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Graphite oxide |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Intercalation |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Electrochemical oxidation |2 Elsevier | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Krawczyk, Piotr |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |n Elsevier |a Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER |t Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch |d 2018 |d the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) |g New York, NY [u.a.] |w (DE-627)ELV001212419 |
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10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 doi GBV00000000000619.pica (DE-627)ELV046726896 (ELSEVIER)S0013-4686(19)30774-1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Gurzęda, Bartosz verfasserin aut Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids 2019transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Graphite intercalation compounds Elsevier Graphite oxide Elsevier Intercalation Elsevier Electrochemical oxidation Elsevier Krawczyk, Piotr oth Enthalten in Elsevier Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch 2018 the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) New York, NY [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV001212419 volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 310 2019 1 0701 96-103 8 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 doi GBV00000000000619.pica (DE-627)ELV046726896 (ELSEVIER)S0013-4686(19)30774-1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Gurzęda, Bartosz verfasserin aut Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids 2019transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Graphite intercalation compounds Elsevier Graphite oxide Elsevier Intercalation Elsevier Electrochemical oxidation Elsevier Krawczyk, Piotr oth Enthalten in Elsevier Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch 2018 the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) New York, NY [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV001212419 volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 310 2019 1 0701 96-103 8 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 doi GBV00000000000619.pica (DE-627)ELV046726896 (ELSEVIER)S0013-4686(19)30774-1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Gurzęda, Bartosz verfasserin aut Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids 2019transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Graphite intercalation compounds Elsevier Graphite oxide Elsevier Intercalation Elsevier Electrochemical oxidation Elsevier Krawczyk, Piotr oth Enthalten in Elsevier Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch 2018 the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) New York, NY [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV001212419 volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 310 2019 1 0701 96-103 8 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 doi GBV00000000000619.pica (DE-627)ELV046726896 (ELSEVIER)S0013-4686(19)30774-1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Gurzęda, Bartosz verfasserin aut Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids 2019transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Graphite intercalation compounds Elsevier Graphite oxide Elsevier Intercalation Elsevier Electrochemical oxidation Elsevier Krawczyk, Piotr oth Enthalten in Elsevier Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch 2018 the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) New York, NY [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV001212419 volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 310 2019 1 0701 96-103 8 |
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10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 doi GBV00000000000619.pica (DE-627)ELV046726896 (ELSEVIER)S0013-4686(19)30774-1 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 44.00 bkl Gurzęda, Bartosz verfasserin aut Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids 2019transfer abstract 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. Graphite intercalation compounds Elsevier Graphite oxide Elsevier Intercalation Elsevier Electrochemical oxidation Elsevier Krawczyk, Piotr oth Enthalten in Elsevier Zhang, Lei ELSEVIER Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch 2018 the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) New York, NY [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV001212419 volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.088 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA 44.00 Medizin: Allgemeines VZ AR 310 2019 1 0701 96-103 8 |
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Enthalten in Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch New York, NY [u.a.] volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 |
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Enthalten in Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch New York, NY [u.a.] volume:310 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:96-103 extent:8 |
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Computed tomographic morphometric analysis of lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw for atlantoaxial instability patients with a narrow C1 posterior arch |
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Electrochemical formation of graphite oxide from the mixture composed of sulfuric and nitric acids |
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Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. |
| abstractGer |
Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. |
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Electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in different mixtures of H2SO4 and HNO3 was investigated. During the anodic treatment, beforehand formed graphite intercalation compound (GIC) was transformed into the graphite oxide (GtO) by reaction of co-intercalated water molecules with the surface of graphene layers. Depending on the volume ratio of H2SO4/HNO3, the synthesized materials exhibit different oxidation degrees. The highest oxygen concentration was reached for graphite being oxidized in electrolyte composed of concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 with volume ratio equal to 3:1 containing 26% of water by weight. For this sample the C/O ratio was equal to 2.09 which is very closed to that noted for GtO prepared by chemical methods. It should be emphasized that 26% admixture of water to the examined electrolytes enabled the entire transformation of graphite into GtO. This fact was proven by the results of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveals that during the electrochemical overoxidation of graphite in aqueous mixtures of H2SO4/HNO3 mainly alkoxy and/or epoxy groups are formed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that deep anodic oxidation contributed to the enormous deformations of layered graphite structure. |
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