Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017
We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations si...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Männikus, Rain [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2019transfer abstract |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Umfang: |
15 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies - Chandra', S. ELSEVIER, 2020, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:182 ; year:2019 ; day:1 ; month:07 ; pages:22-36 ; extent:15 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 |
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| 520 | |a We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. | ||
| 520 | |a We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Water level measurements |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Gulf of Riga |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Extreme water levels |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sea level |2 Elsevier | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Baltic sea |2 Elsevier | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Soomere, Tarmo |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda |4 oth | |
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10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 doi GBV00000000000661.pica (DE-627)ELV047183934 (ELSEVIER)S0278-4343(18)30538-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 610 VZ 44.09 bkl Männikus, Rain verfasserin aut Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 2019transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. Water level measurements Elsevier Gulf of Riga Elsevier Extreme water levels Elsevier Sea level Elsevier Baltic sea Elsevier Soomere, Tarmo oth Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Chandra', S. ELSEVIER A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies 2020 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006306659 volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 44.09 Medizintechnik VZ AR 182 2019 1 0701 22-36 15 |
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10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 doi GBV00000000000661.pica (DE-627)ELV047183934 (ELSEVIER)S0278-4343(18)30538-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 610 VZ 44.09 bkl Männikus, Rain verfasserin aut Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 2019transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. Water level measurements Elsevier Gulf of Riga Elsevier Extreme water levels Elsevier Sea level Elsevier Baltic sea Elsevier Soomere, Tarmo oth Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Chandra', S. ELSEVIER A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies 2020 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006306659 volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 44.09 Medizintechnik VZ AR 182 2019 1 0701 22-36 15 |
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10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 doi GBV00000000000661.pica (DE-627)ELV047183934 (ELSEVIER)S0278-4343(18)30538-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 610 VZ 44.09 bkl Männikus, Rain verfasserin aut Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 2019transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. Water level measurements Elsevier Gulf of Riga Elsevier Extreme water levels Elsevier Sea level Elsevier Baltic sea Elsevier Soomere, Tarmo oth Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Chandra', S. ELSEVIER A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies 2020 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006306659 volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 44.09 Medizintechnik VZ AR 182 2019 1 0701 22-36 15 |
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10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 doi GBV00000000000661.pica (DE-627)ELV047183934 (ELSEVIER)S0278-4343(18)30538-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 610 VZ 44.09 bkl Männikus, Rain verfasserin aut Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 2019transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. Water level measurements Elsevier Gulf of Riga Elsevier Extreme water levels Elsevier Sea level Elsevier Baltic sea Elsevier Soomere, Tarmo oth Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Chandra', S. ELSEVIER A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies 2020 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006306659 volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 44.09 Medizintechnik VZ AR 182 2019 1 0701 22-36 15 |
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10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 doi GBV00000000000661.pica (DE-627)ELV047183934 (ELSEVIER)S0278-4343(18)30538-7 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 610 VZ 44.09 bkl Männikus, Rain verfasserin aut Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 2019transfer abstract 15 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. Water level measurements Elsevier Gulf of Riga Elsevier Extreme water levels Elsevier Sea level Elsevier Baltic sea Elsevier Soomere, Tarmo oth Kudryavtseva, Nadezhda oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Chandra', S. ELSEVIER A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies 2020 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV006306659 volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.05.014 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U 44.09 Medizintechnik VZ AR 182 2019 1 0701 22-36 15 |
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Enthalten in A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies Amsterdam [u.a.] volume:182 year:2019 day:1 month:07 pages:22-36 extent:15 |
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A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies |
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Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 |
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A Comparative Analysis of Performance of Several Wavelet Based ECG Data Compression Methodologies |
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identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the gulf of riga during 1961–2017 |
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Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 |
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We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. |
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We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. |
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We analyse a two-step mechanism for the formation of extremely high water levels in a semi-enclosed sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with the pumping of large amounts of water first into this sea and then into the Gulf of Riga. The analysis is based on hourly water level recordings at two observations sites in the gulf (Pärnu and Daugavgriva) and at one station (Liepaja) on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea proper in the period 1961–2017. The empirical distributions of the probability of occurrence of different water levels have a classic quasi-Gaussian shape but are asymmetric: elevated water levels are more likely than negative surges. The highest recorded water levels in the interior of the Gulf of Riga exceed those on the open eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea proper by more than 1 m once in 5–10 years. The time scale of generation and relaxation of such elevated levels is about one day. There is no increase in the magnitude of episodes of strongly elevated water levels in the Gulf of Riga since the 1960s. The annual average number of episodes of significant differences between the water level at Liepaja and Pärnu has decreased by a factor of 1.6 whereas differences between Liepaja and Daugavgriva did not change. This pattern of changes indicates an alteration of the directional structure of winds in this area. |
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Identification of mechanisms that drive water level extremes from in situ measurements in the Gulf of Riga during 1961–2017 |
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