Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems
During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Zwaan, Frank [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2020transfer abstract |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 - Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER, 2017, Amsterdam [u.a.] |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:140 ; year:2020 ; pages:0 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 |
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Katalog-ID: |
ELV052005259 |
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520 | |a During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. | ||
520 | |a During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. | ||
650 | 7 | |a Rifting |2 Elsevier | |
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650 | 7 | |a Rotational extension |2 Elsevier | |
650 | 7 | |a Transfer zone |2 Elsevier | |
700 | 1 | |a Schreurs, Guido |4 oth | |
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10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001201.pica (DE-627)ELV052005259 (ELSEVIER)S0191-8141(20)30107-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 610 VZ 44.85 bkl Zwaan, Frank verfasserin aut Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems 2020transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. Rifting Elsevier Analogue modelling Elsevier Accommodation zone Elsevier Rift propagation Elsevier Rotational extension Elsevier Transfer zone Elsevier Schreurs, Guido oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 2017 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV014727196 volume:140 year:2020 pages:0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_40 44.85 Kardiologie Angiologie VZ AR 140 2020 0 |
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10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001201.pica (DE-627)ELV052005259 (ELSEVIER)S0191-8141(20)30107-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 610 VZ 44.85 bkl Zwaan, Frank verfasserin aut Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems 2020transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. Rifting Elsevier Analogue modelling Elsevier Accommodation zone Elsevier Rift propagation Elsevier Rotational extension Elsevier Transfer zone Elsevier Schreurs, Guido oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 2017 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV014727196 volume:140 year:2020 pages:0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_40 44.85 Kardiologie Angiologie VZ AR 140 2020 0 |
allfields_unstemmed |
10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001201.pica (DE-627)ELV052005259 (ELSEVIER)S0191-8141(20)30107-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 610 VZ 44.85 bkl Zwaan, Frank verfasserin aut Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems 2020transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. Rifting Elsevier Analogue modelling Elsevier Accommodation zone Elsevier Rift propagation Elsevier Rotational extension Elsevier Transfer zone Elsevier Schreurs, Guido oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 2017 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV014727196 volume:140 year:2020 pages:0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_40 44.85 Kardiologie Angiologie VZ AR 140 2020 0 |
allfieldsGer |
10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001201.pica (DE-627)ELV052005259 (ELSEVIER)S0191-8141(20)30107-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 610 VZ 44.85 bkl Zwaan, Frank verfasserin aut Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems 2020transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. Rifting Elsevier Analogue modelling Elsevier Accommodation zone Elsevier Rift propagation Elsevier Rotational extension Elsevier Transfer zone Elsevier Schreurs, Guido oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 2017 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV014727196 volume:140 year:2020 pages:0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_40 44.85 Kardiologie Angiologie VZ AR 140 2020 0 |
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10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 doi /cbs_pica/cbs_olc/import_discovery/elsevier/einzuspielen/GBV00000000001201.pica (DE-627)ELV052005259 (ELSEVIER)S0191-8141(20)30107-3 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 VZ 610 VZ 44.85 bkl Zwaan, Frank verfasserin aut Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems 2020transfer abstract nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. Rifting Elsevier Analogue modelling Elsevier Accommodation zone Elsevier Rift propagation Elsevier Rotational extension Elsevier Transfer zone Elsevier Schreurs, Guido oth Enthalten in Elsevier Science Dodd, Katelynn ELSEVIER Pneumococcal Vaccination Coverage Among Adults with Work-Related Asthma, Asthma Call-Back Survey, 29 States, 2012–2013 2017 Amsterdam [u.a.] (DE-627)ELV014727196 volume:140 year:2020 pages:0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104119 Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_40 44.85 Kardiologie Angiologie VZ AR 140 2020 0 |
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rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: implications for the large-scale development of rift systems |
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Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems |
abstract |
During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. |
abstractGer |
During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. |
abstract_unstemmed |
During extension of the continental lithosphere, rift basins develop. These are often initially offset, and must interact and connect in order to create a continuous rift system that may ultimately achieve break-up. When simulating extensional tectonics and rift interaction structures, analogue and numerical modellers often apply a continuous extension rate along the strike of a rift or rift system. Yet in nature significant extension velocity variations occur along rifts and plate boundaries as a natural consequence of tectonic plates moving apart about a pole of rotation, resulting in rotational extension, and associated rift propagation and structural gradients. Here we present various analogue tectonic experiments to assess rift interaction structures forming in orthogonal extension settings versus rotational extension settings. Our modelling efforts show that rotational extension and orthogonal extension produce significantly different large-scale structures. Rotational extension can cause important variations in rift maturity between rift segments, delay rift interaction zone development, and make rift segments propagate in opposite directions. Still, local features in a rotational extension system can often be regarded as evolving in an orthogonal extension setting. Furthermore, we find that various degrees of rift underlap produce three basic modes of rift linkage structures. Low underlap distance (high angle φ) experiments develop rift pass structures. With increasing underlap distance (φ = ca. 40°), transfer zone basins develop. High degrees of underlap (φ ≤ 30°) tend to result in en echelon sub-basins. Our results match with data from previous modelling efforts and natural examples. We furthermore propose a large-scale tectonic scenario for the East African Rift System based on rotational extension and associated rift propagation. These insights may also be applicable when studying other large-scale rift systems. |
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Rift segment interaction in orthogonal and rotational extension experiments: Implications for the large-scale development of rift systems |
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