Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall
Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 an...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
YANG, Xiaosong [verfasserIn] HU, Zhengyi [verfasserIn] XIE, Zijian [verfasserIn] LI, Songyan [verfasserIn] SUN, Xiaolei [verfasserIn] KE, Xianlin [verfasserIn] TAO, Mingming [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2023 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Pedosphere - Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006, 33, Seite 865-879 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:33 ; pages:865-879 |
| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 |
|---|
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ELV066139295 |
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| 520 | |a Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a KE, Xianlin |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a TAO, Mingming |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 doi (DE-627)ELV066139295 (ELSEVIER)S1002-0160(23)00029-2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 550 VZ YANG, Xiaosong verfasserin aut Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria HU, Zhengyi verfasserin aut XIE, Zijian verfasserin aut LI, Songyan verfasserin aut SUN, Xiaolei verfasserin aut KE, Xianlin verfasserin aut TAO, Mingming verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pedosphere Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006 33, Seite 865-879 Online-Ressource (DE-627)51321934X (DE-600)2238707-9 (DE-576)273651633 2210-5107 nnns volume:33 pages:865-879 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4251 AR 33 865-879 |
| spelling |
10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 doi (DE-627)ELV066139295 (ELSEVIER)S1002-0160(23)00029-2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 550 VZ YANG, Xiaosong verfasserin aut Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria HU, Zhengyi verfasserin aut XIE, Zijian verfasserin aut LI, Songyan verfasserin aut SUN, Xiaolei verfasserin aut KE, Xianlin verfasserin aut TAO, Mingming verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pedosphere Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006 33, Seite 865-879 Online-Ressource (DE-627)51321934X (DE-600)2238707-9 (DE-576)273651633 2210-5107 nnns volume:33 pages:865-879 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4251 AR 33 865-879 |
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10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 doi (DE-627)ELV066139295 (ELSEVIER)S1002-0160(23)00029-2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 550 VZ YANG, Xiaosong verfasserin aut Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria HU, Zhengyi verfasserin aut XIE, Zijian verfasserin aut LI, Songyan verfasserin aut SUN, Xiaolei verfasserin aut KE, Xianlin verfasserin aut TAO, Mingming verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pedosphere Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006 33, Seite 865-879 Online-Ressource (DE-627)51321934X (DE-600)2238707-9 (DE-576)273651633 2210-5107 nnns volume:33 pages:865-879 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4251 AR 33 865-879 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 doi (DE-627)ELV066139295 (ELSEVIER)S1002-0160(23)00029-2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 550 VZ YANG, Xiaosong verfasserin aut Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria HU, Zhengyi verfasserin aut XIE, Zijian verfasserin aut LI, Songyan verfasserin aut SUN, Xiaolei verfasserin aut KE, Xianlin verfasserin aut TAO, Mingming verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pedosphere Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006 33, Seite 865-879 Online-Ressource (DE-627)51321934X (DE-600)2238707-9 (DE-576)273651633 2210-5107 nnns volume:33 pages:865-879 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4251 AR 33 865-879 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1016/j.pedsph.2023.03.010 doi (DE-627)ELV066139295 (ELSEVIER)S1002-0160(23)00029-2 DE-627 ger DE-627 rda eng 550 VZ YANG, Xiaosong verfasserin aut Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall 2023 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria HU, Zhengyi verfasserin aut XIE, Zijian verfasserin aut LI, Songyan verfasserin aut SUN, Xiaolei verfasserin aut KE, Xianlin verfasserin aut TAO, Mingming verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pedosphere Beijing : Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2006 33, Seite 865-879 Online-Ressource (DE-627)51321934X (DE-600)2238707-9 (DE-576)273651633 2210-5107 nnns volume:33 pages:865-879 GBV_USEFLAG_U GBV_ELV SYSFLAG_U GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_4251 AR 33 865-879 |
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Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. 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YANG, Xiaosong ddc 550 misc ammonia-oxidizing bacteria misc ammonifying bacteria misc functional gene misc microbial community misc nitrite-oxidizing bacteria Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
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550 VZ Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ammonifying bacteria functional gene microbial community nitrite-oxidizing bacteria |
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Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
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Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
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low soil c:n ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
| title_auth |
Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
| abstract |
Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. |
| abstractGer |
Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Nitrate (NO- 3) and nitrite (NO- 2) leaching threatens groundwater quality. Soil C:N ratio, i.e., the ratio of soil organic carbon to total nitrogen, affects mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification; however, its mechanism for driving soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 accumulation and leaching remains unclear. Here, a field investigation in a fluvo-aquic soil and a soil column experiment were performed to explore the relationships between soil C:N ratio and soil NO- 3 and NO- 2 leaching in three soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) under heavy rainfall (rainfall rate > 25 mm d–1). The field investigation results showed that both soil NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N contents decreased exponentially (P < 0.001) with increasing soil C:N ratio in each soil layer. Furthermore, negative exponential relationships (P < 0.001) were found between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in soil solution in each soil layer under heavy rainfall. The soil column divided into three layers was leached with simulated heavy rainfall; the results confirmed negative exponential relationships (P < 0.05) between soil C:N ratio and both NO- 3-N and NO- 2-N concentrations in the leachate from each soil layer. A total of 18 soil samples obtained from three depths at six field sites during the rainy season were used to elucidate the microbial mechanisms induced by soil C:N ratio using high-throughput sequencing and real-time polymerase chain reaction. High abundances of ammonifying bacteria (Flavobacterium, Bacillu, and Pseudomonas), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira), and nirS/K gene were observed when soil C:N was low, concomitant with low abundances of NO- 2-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrospira) and narG gene. Partial least squares path modeling showed that the high NO- 3 and NO- 2 levels at low soil C:N ratio might be attributed to the inhibition of NO- 3 reduction (i.e., low narG gene) and NO- 2 oxidation (i.e., low Nitrospira) and thus the accumulation of soil NO- 3 and NO- 2, respectively. Therefore, the leaching of NO- 2 and NO- 3 in low C:N soils requires more attention during the rainy season. |
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Low soil C:N ratio results in accumulation and leaching of nitrite and nitrate in agricultural soils under heavy rainfall |
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