Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response?
Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of s...
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
1995 |
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| Umfang: |
6 |
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| Reproduktion: |
Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
in: Journal of clinical immunology - 1981, 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 |
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:15 ; year:1995 ; month:04 ; pages:179-184 ; extent:6 |
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NLEJ197584217 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Scudeletti, Marco |4 oth | |
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(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? 1995 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Puppo, Francesco oth Picciotto, Antonino oth Brenci, Sabrina oth Varagona, Giuseppe oth Scudeletti, Marco oth Ghio, Massimo oth Balestra, Vincenzo oth Celle, Guido oth Indiveri, Francesco oth in Journal of clinical immunology 1981 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 (DE-627)NLEJ188988572 (DE-600)2016755-6 1573-2592 nnns volume:15 year:1995 month:04 pages:179-184 extent:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 15 1995 4 179-184 6 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? 1995 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Puppo, Francesco oth Picciotto, Antonino oth Brenci, Sabrina oth Varagona, Giuseppe oth Scudeletti, Marco oth Ghio, Massimo oth Balestra, Vincenzo oth Celle, Guido oth Indiveri, Francesco oth in Journal of clinical immunology 1981 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 (DE-627)NLEJ188988572 (DE-600)2016755-6 1573-2592 nnns volume:15 year:1995 month:04 pages:179-184 extent:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 15 1995 4 179-184 6 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? 1995 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Puppo, Francesco oth Picciotto, Antonino oth Brenci, Sabrina oth Varagona, Giuseppe oth Scudeletti, Marco oth Ghio, Massimo oth Balestra, Vincenzo oth Celle, Guido oth Indiveri, Francesco oth in Journal of clinical immunology 1981 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 (DE-627)NLEJ188988572 (DE-600)2016755-6 1573-2592 nnns volume:15 year:1995 month:04 pages:179-184 extent:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 15 1995 4 179-184 6 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? 1995 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Puppo, Francesco oth Picciotto, Antonino oth Brenci, Sabrina oth Varagona, Giuseppe oth Scudeletti, Marco oth Ghio, Massimo oth Balestra, Vincenzo oth Celle, Guido oth Indiveri, Francesco oth in Journal of clinical immunology 1981 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 (DE-627)NLEJ188988572 (DE-600)2016755-6 1573-2592 nnns volume:15 year:1995 month:04 pages:179-184 extent:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 15 1995 4 179-184 6 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? 1995 6 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Puppo, Francesco oth Picciotto, Antonino oth Brenci, Sabrina oth Varagona, Giuseppe oth Scudeletti, Marco oth Ghio, Massimo oth Balestra, Vincenzo oth Celle, Guido oth Indiveri, Francesco oth in Journal of clinical immunology 1981 15(1995) vom: Apr., Seite 179-184 (DE-627)NLEJ188988572 (DE-600)2016755-6 1573-2592 nnns volume:15 year:1995 month:04 pages:179-184 extent:6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 15 1995 4 179-184 6 |
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| title |
Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
| spellingShingle |
Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
| ctrlnum |
(DE-627)NLEJ197584217 |
| title_full |
Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
| journal |
Journal of clinical immunology |
| journalStr |
Journal of clinical immunology |
| lang_code |
eng |
| isOA_bool |
false |
| recordtype |
marc |
| publishDateSort |
1995 |
| contenttype_str_mv |
zzz |
| container_start_page |
179 |
| container_volume |
15 |
| physical |
6 |
| format_se |
Elektronische Aufsätze |
| title_sort |
behavior of soluble hla class i antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis c during interferon therapy: an early predictor marker of response? |
| title_auth |
Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
| abstract |
Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I),β 2-microglobulin (β 2-μ.) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels have been evaluated in 16 patients affected by chronic hepatitis C treated for six months with recombinant interferon-α (rIFN-α, 3 MU three times a week). The predictor role of sHLA-I and ALT modifications with respect to the response to rIFN-α therapy was also evaluated. Six patients responded (group 1), five patients relapsed following an initial response (group 2), and five did not respond to rIFN-α treatment (group 3). The baseline serum levels of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ were significantly higher in all three groups of HCV-positive patients with respect to HCV-negative controls (P<0.05). A significant increase of sHLA-I serum level with respect to baseline value (P<0.001) was observed in group 1 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment. sHLA-I serum level then decreased, although remaining steadily and significantly increased with respect to baseline (P values ranging from 0.05 to 0.01) in the following five months and then returned to baseline one month after the end of rIFN-α administration. No significant variations ofβ 2-μ serum levels were detected throughout the observation period. In group 1 patients ALT serum levels significantly decreased after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.001) and then remained in the normal range throughout the observation period. In the other two groups of patients no relevant variations of sHLA-I andβ 2-μ serum levels were found during and after rIFN-α therapy. The modifications of sHLA-I serum levels discriminate, as a single marker, group 1 patients from group 2 and 3 patients after two weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.003). The association of sHLA-I and ALT modifications improves the discriminant power and leads to a complete differentiation of the three groups of patients after four weeks of rIFN-α treatment (P<0.0001). If confirmed in a larger series of patients, these results will provide a useful marker to predict which patients affected by chronic hepatitis C will respond to treatment and will help to avoid their ineffective treatment with an expensive and potentially harmful drug. |
| collection_details |
GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE |
| title_short |
Behavior of soluble HLA class I antigens in patients with chronic hepatitis C during interferon therapy: An early predictor marker of response? |
| url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541087 |
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| author2 |
Puppo, Francesco Picciotto, Antonino Brenci, Sabrina Varagona, Giuseppe Scudeletti, Marco Ghio, Massimo Balestra, Vincenzo Celle, Guido Indiveri, Francesco |
| author2Str |
Puppo, Francesco Picciotto, Antonino Brenci, Sabrina Varagona, Giuseppe Scudeletti, Marco Ghio, Massimo Balestra, Vincenzo Celle, Guido Indiveri, Francesco |
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| up_date |
2024-07-06T09:17:56.515Z |
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