Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce
Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of cr...
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E-Artikel |
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Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2000 |
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8 |
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Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
in: Trees - 1986, 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 |
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:14 ; year:2000 ; month:04 ; pages:215-222 ; extent:8 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). | ||
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(DE-627)NLEJ205970796 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce 2000 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Sellin, Arne oth in Trees 1986 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 (DE-627)NLEJ188986804 (DE-600)90595-1 0931-1890 nnns volume:14 year:2000 month:04 pages:215-222 extent:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 14 2000 4 215-222 8 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ205970796 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce 2000 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Sellin, Arne oth in Trees 1986 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 (DE-627)NLEJ188986804 (DE-600)90595-1 0931-1890 nnns volume:14 year:2000 month:04 pages:215-222 extent:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 14 2000 4 215-222 8 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ205970796 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce 2000 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Sellin, Arne oth in Trees 1986 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 (DE-627)NLEJ188986804 (DE-600)90595-1 0931-1890 nnns volume:14 year:2000 month:04 pages:215-222 extent:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 14 2000 4 215-222 8 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ205970796 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce 2000 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Sellin, Arne oth in Trees 1986 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 (DE-627)NLEJ188986804 (DE-600)90595-1 0931-1890 nnns volume:14 year:2000 month:04 pages:215-222 extent:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 14 2000 4 215-222 8 |
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(DE-627)NLEJ205970796 DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce 2000 8 nicht spezifiziert zzz rdacontent nicht spezifiziert z rdamedia nicht spezifiziert zu rdacarrier Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002 Sellin, Arne oth in Trees 1986 14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222 (DE-627)NLEJ188986804 (DE-600)90595-1 0931-1890 nnns volume:14 year:2000 month:04 pages:215-222 extent:8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765 GBV_USEFLAG_U ZDB-1-SOJ GBV_NL_ARTICLE AR 14 2000 4 215-222 8 |
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Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce |
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Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). |
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Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively). |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">NLEJ205970796</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210706191039.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">070528s2000 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)NLEJ205970796</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Estimating the needle area from geometric measurements: application of different calculation methods to Norway spruce</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2000</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zzz</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">z</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">nicht spezifiziert</subfield><subfield code="b">zu</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Different calculation methods, based on needle geometry, for estimating both projected area (PLA) and total surface area (TLA) of foliage in Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were compared. Seventy-eight shoots of four age classes were sampled from both the basal and top thirds of crowns. Three dimensions (the length, minor and major diameters) of needles were taken, and the needle shape was approximated to a parallelepiped or ellipsoid. There was a perfect coincidence of the measured and estimated values of PLA calculated as the width of the needle projection multiplied by needle length, and corrected for needle taper (method III), or when the needle projection was treated as a rectangle joined with half-ellipses at both ends (method IV). The most reliable estimations of TLA resulted from treating the needle sides as faces of the parallelepiped tapering at their ends in the form of half-ellipses. The ratio of TLA to PLA ranged from 2.2 to 4.0 depending on the needle morphology. Needle minor diameter (anatomical width; D 1) was found to be a better morphological index of the spruce foliage than needle flatness, i.e. the ratio of major to minor diameter. Expressing the factor for converting PLA to TLA as a function of D 1 considerably improved the precision of the estimates. Close relationships were established between specific leaf area, expressed on both a projected area (SLAP) and total surface area basis (SLAT), needle dry weight (R 2 was 0.799 and 0.852, respectively) and minor diameter of needles (R 2 was 0.701 and 0.554, respectively).</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="533" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="f">Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2002</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Sellin, Arne</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">in</subfield><subfield code="t">Trees</subfield><subfield code="d">1986</subfield><subfield code="g">14(2000) vom: Apr., Seite 215-222</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-627)NLEJ188986804</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-600)90595-1</subfield><subfield code="x">0931-1890</subfield><subfield code="7">nnns</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="1" ind2="8"><subfield code="g">volume:14</subfield><subfield code="g">year:2000</subfield><subfield code="g">month:04</subfield><subfield code="g">pages:215-222</subfield><subfield code="g">extent:8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009765</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_USEFLAG_U</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-1-SOJ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_NL_ARTICLE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="951" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="952" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="d">14</subfield><subfield code="j">2000</subfield><subfield code="c">4</subfield><subfield code="h">215-222</subfield><subfield code="g">8</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
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7.401453 |