Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth
Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plati...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Perry, Chris T [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2015 |
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| Rechteinformationen: |
Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Global change biology - Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Science, 1995, 21(2015), 3, Seite 1153-1164 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:21 ; year:2015 ; number:3 ; pages:1153-1164 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1111/gcb.12792 |
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| 520 | |a Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a reef growth | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Orbicella | |
| 650 | 4 | |a carbonate budgets | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Acropora | |
| 650 | 4 | |a caribbean | |
| 650 | 4 | |a coral reefs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Carbonates - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Anthozoa - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Anthozoa - growth & development | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biogeochemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Coral reefs | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Steneck, Robert S |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Murphy, Gary N |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kench, Paul S |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Edinger, Evan N |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Smithers, Scott G |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mumby, Peter J |4 oth | |
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10.1111/gcb.12792 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1960031988 (DE-599)GBVOLC1960031988 (PRQ)c2372-d5616e226af0034a90891490d5bee5551310a1cb30937a5c820db94098ff58e10 (KEY)0265675220150000021000301153regionalscaledominanceofnonframeworkbuildingcorals DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 DNB BIODIV fid Perry, Chris T verfasserin aut Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. reef growth Orbicella carbonate budgets Acropora caribbean coral reefs Carbonates - metabolism Anthozoa - metabolism Anthozoa - growth & development Marine ecology Biogeochemistry Coral reefs Steneck, Robert S oth Murphy, Gary N oth Kench, Paul S oth Edinger, Evan N oth Smithers, Scott G oth Mumby, Peter J oth Enthalten in Global change biology Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Science, 1995 21(2015), 3, Seite 1153-1164 (DE-627)18815499X (DE-600)1281439-8 (DE-576)048525634 1354-1013 nnns volume:21 year:2015 number:3 pages:1153-1164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12792 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12792/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537577 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655430492 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 21 2015 3 1153-1164 |
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10.1111/gcb.12792 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1960031988 (DE-599)GBVOLC1960031988 (PRQ)c2372-d5616e226af0034a90891490d5bee5551310a1cb30937a5c820db94098ff58e10 (KEY)0265675220150000021000301153regionalscaledominanceofnonframeworkbuildingcorals DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 DNB BIODIV fid Perry, Chris T verfasserin aut Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. reef growth Orbicella carbonate budgets Acropora caribbean coral reefs Carbonates - metabolism Anthozoa - metabolism Anthozoa - growth & development Marine ecology Biogeochemistry Coral reefs Steneck, Robert S oth Murphy, Gary N oth Kench, Paul S oth Edinger, Evan N oth Smithers, Scott G oth Mumby, Peter J oth Enthalten in Global change biology Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Science, 1995 21(2015), 3, Seite 1153-1164 (DE-627)18815499X (DE-600)1281439-8 (DE-576)048525634 1354-1013 nnns volume:21 year:2015 number:3 pages:1153-1164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12792 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12792/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537577 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655430492 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 21 2015 3 1153-1164 |
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10.1111/gcb.12792 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1960031988 (DE-599)GBVOLC1960031988 (PRQ)c2372-d5616e226af0034a90891490d5bee5551310a1cb30937a5c820db94098ff58e10 (KEY)0265675220150000021000301153regionalscaledominanceofnonframeworkbuildingcorals DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 DNB BIODIV fid Perry, Chris T verfasserin aut Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. reef growth Orbicella carbonate budgets Acropora caribbean coral reefs Carbonates - metabolism Anthozoa - metabolism Anthozoa - growth & development Marine ecology Biogeochemistry Coral reefs Steneck, Robert S oth Murphy, Gary N oth Kench, Paul S oth Edinger, Evan N oth Smithers, Scott G oth Mumby, Peter J oth Enthalten in Global change biology Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Science, 1995 21(2015), 3, Seite 1153-1164 (DE-627)18815499X (DE-600)1281439-8 (DE-576)048525634 1354-1013 nnns volume:21 year:2015 number:3 pages:1153-1164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12792 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12792/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537577 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655430492 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 21 2015 3 1153-1164 |
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10.1111/gcb.12792 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1960031988 (DE-599)GBVOLC1960031988 (PRQ)c2372-d5616e226af0034a90891490d5bee5551310a1cb30937a5c820db94098ff58e10 (KEY)0265675220150000021000301153regionalscaledominanceofnonframeworkbuildingcorals DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 DNB BIODIV fid Perry, Chris T verfasserin aut Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. reef growth Orbicella carbonate budgets Acropora caribbean coral reefs Carbonates - metabolism Anthozoa - metabolism Anthozoa - growth & development Marine ecology Biogeochemistry Coral reefs Steneck, Robert S oth Murphy, Gary N oth Kench, Paul S oth Edinger, Evan N oth Smithers, Scott G oth Mumby, Peter J oth Enthalten in Global change biology Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Science, 1995 21(2015), 3, Seite 1153-1164 (DE-627)18815499X (DE-600)1281439-8 (DE-576)048525634 1354-1013 nnns volume:21 year:2015 number:3 pages:1153-1164 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12792 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12792/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537577 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655430492 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 21 2015 3 1153-1164 |
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Perry, Chris T |
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regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth |
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Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth |
| abstract |
Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. |
| abstractGer |
Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Coral cover on Caribbean reefs has declined rapidly since the early 1980's. Diseases have been a major driver, decimating communities of framework building Acropora and Orbicella coral species, and reportedly leading to the emergence of novel coral assemblages often dominated by domed and plating species of the genera Agaricia , Porites and Siderastrea . These corals were not historically important Caribbean framework builders, and typically have much smaller stature and lower calcification rates, fuelling concerns over reef carbonate production and growth potential. Using data from 75 reefs from across the Caribbean we quantify: (i) the magnitude of non‐framework building coral dominance throughout the region and (ii) the contribution of these corals to contemporary carbonate production. Our data show that live coral cover averages 18.2% across our sites and coral carbonate production 4.1 kg Ca CO 3 m −2 yr −1 . However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential. |
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Regional‐scale dominance of non‐framework building corals on Caribbean reefs affects carbonate production and future reef growth |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12792 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.12792/abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25537577 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1655430492 |
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Steneck, Robert S Murphy, Gary N Kench, Paul S Edinger, Evan N Smithers, Scott G Mumby, Peter J |
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However, non‐framework building coral species dominate and are major carbonate producers at a high proportion of sites; they are more abundant than Acropora and Orbicella at 73% of sites; contribute an average 68% of the carbonate produced; and produce more than half the carbonate at 79% of sites. Coral cover and carbonate production rate are strongly correlated but, as relative abundance of non‐framework building corals increases, average carbonate production rates decline. Consequently, the use of coral cover as a predictor of carbonate budget status, without species level production rate data, needs to be treated with caution. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the Caribbean‐wide dominance of non‐framework building coral taxa, and that these species are now major regional carbonate producers. However, because these species typically have lower calcification rates, continued transitions to states dominated by non‐framework building coral species will further reduce carbonate production rates below ‘predecline’ levels, resulting in shifts towards negative carbonate budget states and reducing reef growth potential.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="540" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Nutzungsrecht: © 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="540" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">reef growth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Orbicella</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">carbonate budgets</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Acropora</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">caribbean</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">coral reefs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Carbonates - 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