Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum
Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of tox...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
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| Autor*in: |
Martins, P L G [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2015 |
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| Rechteinformationen: |
Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety - Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977, 116(2015), Seite 84-89 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:116 ; year:2015 ; pages:84-89 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum |
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| 520 | |a Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. | ||
| 540 | |a Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Glutathione Transferase - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phenols - pharmacology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antioxidants - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Catalase - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phenols - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biomarkers - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dinoflagellida - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dinoflagellida - drug effects | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Colepicolo, P |4 oth | |
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10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1964315468 (DE-599)GBVOLC1964315468 (PRQ)c1861-9517e0cd08a1a09c8fe1b745aa23643280cda7f7f4624bd870646d9e58b7a1bd0 (KEY)0029001720150000116000000084antioxidantenzymesareinducedbyphenolinthemarinemic DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Martins, P L G verfasserin aut Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects Marques, L G oth Colepicolo, P oth Enthalten in Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977 116(2015), Seite 84-89 (DE-627)130055611 (DE-600)436536-7 (DE-576)015593118 0147-6513 nnns volume:116 year:2015 pages:84-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 Volltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770655 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_4219 44.13 AVZ 44.00 AVZ AR 116 2015 84-89 |
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10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1964315468 (DE-599)GBVOLC1964315468 (PRQ)c1861-9517e0cd08a1a09c8fe1b745aa23643280cda7f7f4624bd870646d9e58b7a1bd0 (KEY)0029001720150000116000000084antioxidantenzymesareinducedbyphenolinthemarinemic DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Martins, P L G verfasserin aut Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects Marques, L G oth Colepicolo, P oth Enthalten in Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977 116(2015), Seite 84-89 (DE-627)130055611 (DE-600)436536-7 (DE-576)015593118 0147-6513 nnns volume:116 year:2015 pages:84-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 Volltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770655 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_4219 44.13 AVZ 44.00 AVZ AR 116 2015 84-89 |
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10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1964315468 (DE-599)GBVOLC1964315468 (PRQ)c1861-9517e0cd08a1a09c8fe1b745aa23643280cda7f7f4624bd870646d9e58b7a1bd0 (KEY)0029001720150000116000000084antioxidantenzymesareinducedbyphenolinthemarinemic DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Martins, P L G verfasserin aut Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects Marques, L G oth Colepicolo, P oth Enthalten in Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977 116(2015), Seite 84-89 (DE-627)130055611 (DE-600)436536-7 (DE-576)015593118 0147-6513 nnns volume:116 year:2015 pages:84-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 Volltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770655 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_4219 44.13 AVZ 44.00 AVZ AR 116 2015 84-89 |
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10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1964315468 (DE-599)GBVOLC1964315468 (PRQ)c1861-9517e0cd08a1a09c8fe1b745aa23643280cda7f7f4624bd870646d9e58b7a1bd0 (KEY)0029001720150000116000000084antioxidantenzymesareinducedbyphenolinthemarinemic DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Martins, P L G verfasserin aut Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects Marques, L G oth Colepicolo, P oth Enthalten in Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977 116(2015), Seite 84-89 (DE-627)130055611 (DE-600)436536-7 (DE-576)015593118 0147-6513 nnns volume:116 year:2015 pages:84-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 Volltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770655 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_4219 44.13 AVZ 44.00 AVZ AR 116 2015 84-89 |
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10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1964315468 (DE-599)GBVOLC1964315468 (PRQ)c1861-9517e0cd08a1a09c8fe1b745aa23643280cda7f7f4624bd870646d9e58b7a1bd0 (KEY)0029001720150000116000000084antioxidantenzymesareinducedbyphenolinthemarinemic DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Martins, P L G verfasserin aut Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects Marques, L G oth Colepicolo, P oth Enthalten in Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Amsterdam : Elsevier, 1977 116(2015), Seite 84-89 (DE-627)130055611 (DE-600)436536-7 (DE-576)015593118 0147-6513 nnns volume:116 year:2015 pages:84-89 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.003 Volltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770655 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_4219 44.13 AVZ 44.00 AVZ AR 116 2015 84-89 |
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610 570 DNB 44.13 bkl 44.00 bkl Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated - metabolism Glutathione Transferase - metabolism Superoxide Dismutase - metabolism Phenols - pharmacology Mixed Function Oxygenases - metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase - metabolism Antioxidants - metabolism Catalase - metabolism Phenols - metabolism Biomarkers - metabolism Dinoflagellida - metabolism Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase - metabolism Dinoflagellida - drug effects |
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Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum |
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Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum |
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antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga lingulodinium polyedrum |
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Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum |
| abstract |
Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. |
| abstractGer |
Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Knowing the impacts of different anthropogenic activities on ecosystems promotes preservation of aquatic organisms. Aiming to facilitate the identification of polluted or contaminated areas, the study of microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum in phenol-containing medium comprises the determination of toxic and metabolic phenol effects, featuring a possible use of this microorganism as bioindicator for this pollutant. Marine microalga L. polyedrum exposure to phenol increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The 20% and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC20 and IC50) of cells exposed to phenol were 40 μmol L(-1) and 120 μmol L(-1), respectively. Phenol biodegradation by L. polyedrum was 0.02 μmol h(-1)cell(-1), and its biotransformation was catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenol hydroxylase and catechol 2,3-dihydroxygenase metabolic pathways. Phenol exposure produced the metabolites 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), and 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid; also, it induced the activity of key antioxidant biomarker enzymes SOD and CAT by three folds compared to that in the controls. Further, phenol decreased the glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), highlighting the effective glutathione oxidation in L. polyedrum. Overall, our results suggest that phenol alters microalga growth conditions and microalgae are sensitive bioindicators to pollution by phenol in marine environments. |
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Antioxidant enzymes are induced by phenol in the marine microalga Lingulodinium polyedrum |
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