A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine
Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector ma...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Qiu, Zhibin [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
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2015 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation - New York, NY : IEEE, 1965, 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:22 ; year:2015 ; number:4 ; pages:2125-2135 |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 |
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Katalog-ID: |
OLC1966370903 |
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245 | 1 | 2 | |a A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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520 | |a Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Atmospheric modeling | |
650 | 4 | |a Predictive models | |
650 | 4 | |a breakdown voltage | |
650 | 4 | |a Electric fields | |
650 | 4 | |a Electrodes | |
650 | 4 | |a prediction | |
650 | 4 | |a electric field features | |
650 | 4 | |a support vector machine (SVM) | |
650 | 4 | |a Support vector machines | |
650 | 4 | |a Discharges (electric) | |
650 | 4 | |a Air gap | |
650 | 4 | |a Air gaps | |
650 | 4 | |a Breakdowns | |
650 | 4 | |a Finite element method | |
650 | 4 | |a Breakdown (Electricity) | |
650 | 4 | |a Analysis | |
650 | 4 | |a Usage | |
700 | 1 | |a Ruan, Jiangjun |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Huang, Daochun |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Pu, Ziheng |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Shu, Shengwen |4 oth | |
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10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1966370903 (DE-599)GBVOLC1966370903 (PRQ)c2108-137e1e7afd00a68ded47a5e1c358fa0e20f8b85026207a85ce496eaf57327eb00 (KEY)0057128820150000022000402125predictionmethodforbreakdownvoltageoftypicalairgap DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB Qiu, Zhibin verfasserin aut A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage Ruan, Jiangjun oth Huang, Daochun oth Pu, Ziheng oth Shu, Shengwen oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation New York, NY : IEEE, 1965 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 (DE-627)129594873 (DE-600)240581-7 (DE-576)015087778 0018-9367 nnns volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7179174 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1704217435 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2016 AR 22 2015 4 2125-2135 |
spelling |
10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1966370903 (DE-599)GBVOLC1966370903 (PRQ)c2108-137e1e7afd00a68ded47a5e1c358fa0e20f8b85026207a85ce496eaf57327eb00 (KEY)0057128820150000022000402125predictionmethodforbreakdownvoltageoftypicalairgap DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB Qiu, Zhibin verfasserin aut A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage Ruan, Jiangjun oth Huang, Daochun oth Pu, Ziheng oth Shu, Shengwen oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation New York, NY : IEEE, 1965 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 (DE-627)129594873 (DE-600)240581-7 (DE-576)015087778 0018-9367 nnns volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7179174 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1704217435 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2016 AR 22 2015 4 2125-2135 |
allfields_unstemmed |
10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1966370903 (DE-599)GBVOLC1966370903 (PRQ)c2108-137e1e7afd00a68ded47a5e1c358fa0e20f8b85026207a85ce496eaf57327eb00 (KEY)0057128820150000022000402125predictionmethodforbreakdownvoltageoftypicalairgap DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB Qiu, Zhibin verfasserin aut A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage Ruan, Jiangjun oth Huang, Daochun oth Pu, Ziheng oth Shu, Shengwen oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation New York, NY : IEEE, 1965 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 (DE-627)129594873 (DE-600)240581-7 (DE-576)015087778 0018-9367 nnns volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7179174 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1704217435 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2016 AR 22 2015 4 2125-2135 |
allfieldsGer |
10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1966370903 (DE-599)GBVOLC1966370903 (PRQ)c2108-137e1e7afd00a68ded47a5e1c358fa0e20f8b85026207a85ce496eaf57327eb00 (KEY)0057128820150000022000402125predictionmethodforbreakdownvoltageoftypicalairgap DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB Qiu, Zhibin verfasserin aut A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage Ruan, Jiangjun oth Huang, Daochun oth Pu, Ziheng oth Shu, Shengwen oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation New York, NY : IEEE, 1965 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 (DE-627)129594873 (DE-600)240581-7 (DE-576)015087778 0018-9367 nnns volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7179174 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1704217435 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2016 AR 22 2015 4 2125-2135 |
allfieldsSound |
10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 doi PQ20160617 (DE-627)OLC1966370903 (DE-599)GBVOLC1966370903 (PRQ)c2108-137e1e7afd00a68ded47a5e1c358fa0e20f8b85026207a85ce496eaf57327eb00 (KEY)0057128820150000022000402125predictionmethodforbreakdownvoltageoftypicalairgap DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB Qiu, Zhibin verfasserin aut A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage Ruan, Jiangjun oth Huang, Daochun oth Pu, Ziheng oth Shu, Shengwen oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation New York, NY : IEEE, 1965 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 (DE-627)129594873 (DE-600)240581-7 (DE-576)015087778 0018-9367 nnns volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2015.004887 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7179174 http://search.proquest.com/docview/1704217435 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2016 AR 22 2015 4 2125-2135 |
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Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 |
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Enthalten in IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation 22(2015), 4, Seite 2125-2135 volume:22 year:2015 number:4 pages:2125-2135 |
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Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage |
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Qiu, Zhibin @@aut@@ Ruan, Jiangjun @@oth@@ Huang, Daochun @@oth@@ Pu, Ziheng @@oth@@ Shu, Shengwen @@oth@@ |
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In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. 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Qiu, Zhibin |
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Qiu, Zhibin ddc 620 misc Atmospheric modeling misc Predictive models misc breakdown voltage misc Electric fields misc Electrodes misc prediction misc electric field features misc support vector machine (SVM) misc Support vector machines misc Discharges (electric) misc Air gap misc Air gaps misc Breakdowns misc Finite element method misc Breakdown (Electricity) misc Analysis misc Usage A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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620 DNB A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine Atmospheric modeling Predictive models breakdown voltage Electric fields Electrodes prediction electric field features support vector machine (SVM) Support vector machines Discharges (electric) Air gap Air gaps Breakdowns Finite element method Breakdown (Electricity) Analysis Usage |
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ddc 620 misc Atmospheric modeling misc Predictive models misc breakdown voltage misc Electric fields misc Electrodes misc prediction misc electric field features misc support vector machine (SVM) misc Support vector machines misc Discharges (electric) misc Air gap misc Air gaps misc Breakdowns misc Finite element method misc Breakdown (Electricity) misc Analysis misc Usage |
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ddc 620 misc Atmospheric modeling misc Predictive models misc breakdown voltage misc Electric fields misc Electrodes misc prediction misc electric field features misc support vector machine (SVM) misc Support vector machines misc Discharges (electric) misc Air gap misc Air gaps misc Breakdowns misc Finite element method misc Breakdown (Electricity) misc Analysis misc Usage |
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ddc 620 misc Atmospheric modeling misc Predictive models misc breakdown voltage misc Electric fields misc Electrodes misc prediction misc electric field features misc support vector machine (SVM) misc Support vector machines misc Discharges (electric) misc Air gap misc Air gaps misc Breakdowns misc Finite element method misc Breakdown (Electricity) misc Analysis misc Usage |
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A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
abstract |
Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. |
abstractGer |
Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Breakdown voltage of the air gap is of vital importance for the design of the external insulation in high-voltage transmission and transformation projects. In this paper, a new prediction method for the breakdown voltages of typical air gaps based on the electric field features and support vector machine (SVM) was proposed. According to the finite element calculation results of static electric field distribution, the electric field values in the whole region, discharge channel, surface of the electrode and the shortest path were extracted and post-processed, which constituted the electric field features characterizing the gap structure. Then, the breakdown voltage prediction model of the air gap was established by using electric field features as the input parameters to SVM, and whether the gap breakdown would happen as the output parameters of SVM, which changing the regression problem to a binary classification problem. This model was applied to predict the power frequency breakdown voltages of different short air gaps including sphere-sphere gaps, rod-plane gaps, sphere-plane gaps and sphereplane- sphere gaps. The power frequency breakdown voltages of longer air gaps which are affected by corona, and the 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltages of long sphere-plane gaps and rod-plane gaps were predicted as well. The predicted results agree well with experimental values and simulated results of the published models, which validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. This method supplies a new possible way to obtain the breakdown voltage of air gaps. |
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A prediction method for breakdown voltage of typical air gaps based on electric field features and support vector machine |
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